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### Conjugating English Loanverbs

Dutch borrows many English verbs, especially for technology and business. These are conjugated using standard Dutch rules, based on the **pronunciation** of the English stem.

If the English stem ends in a voiced sound (like L, M, N, R, or a vowel), use **-de(n)** for the simple past and **ge- + -d** for the present perfect. If it ends in a voiceless sound (like K, P, S, F, or CH), use **-te(n)** and **ge- + -t**.

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If the stem already ends in a **T** or **D**, the simple past will have a double "tt" or "dd".

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### Silent "e" Stems

When an English verb ends in a silent "e" (like *delete* or *manage*), Dutch keeps this "e" in the written stem so the pronunciation stays clear.

- **deleten**: stem is *delete* (ends in a voiceless "t" sound). Past is **deletete(n)**, participle is **gedeletet**.
- **managen**: stem is *manage* (ends in a voiced "dj" sound). Past is **managede(n)**, participle is **gemanaged**.

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### Tremas in Past Participles

If adding the **ge-** prefix to a participle creates a confusing vowel combination (like *ge* + *u* or *ge* + *e*), Dutch adds a trema (diaeresis) to the second vowel to show it is a new syllable.

- **editen** becomes **geëdit**
- **updaten** becomes **geüpdatet**

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Just like native Dutch verbs, past participles of loanwords can be used as adjectives. If the adjective requires an ending **-e**, you just add it to the participle.

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### Other English Sounds

English consonants like "ch" and "sh" are voiceless, so verbs like **pitchen** take **-te** and **-t**. The same applies to the "f" in **briefen**.

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Past tenses of English loanwords (geüpdatet)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

determiner/pronoun

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and 'to be' (ik ben, hij is)

The formal 'you' (u bent)

Definite articles (de, het)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (wij zijn)

The verb 'to have' (hebben)

Basic word order

Numbers 1 to 10 (een, twee, drie)

Verb stems and the 'I' form (ik werk)

Long vowels in verb stems (maken, ik maak)

Short vowels in verb stems (zitten, ik zit)

Present tense singular (-t)

Present tense plural (-en)

Yes/no questions

Question words (wie, wat, waar)

Noun negation (geen)

Plural nouns (-en)

Plural nouns (-s)

Diminutives (-je)

Adjective modifiers (heel, erg, te)

Verb negation (niet)

Singular possessives (mijn, jouw, zijn, haar)

Plural and formal possessives (ons/onze, jullie, hun, uw)

This and these (deze, dit)

That and those (die, dat)

Asking which (welke, welk)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elf, twaalf, dertien...)

Tens and compound numbers (dertig, veertig...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (eerste, tweede...)

Telling time: hours and half hours (uur, half)

Telling time: quarters (kwart over, kwart voor)

Question words (hoeveel, waarom)

Irregular verbs (doen, gaan, staan, zien, komen)

Adjective endings (+e)

Adjectives with 'het' words

Prepositions of place (uit, bij)

Subject-verb inversion

Time before place

Modal verbs (willen, kunnen)

Modal verbs (moeten, mogen)

The verb bracket

Separable prefix verbs

The imperative mood (kom, luister)

Singular object pronouns (mij, jou, hem, haar)

Plural and formal object pronouns (ons, jullie, hen, u)

Reflexive verbs and pronouns (zich, me, je)

Position of negation (niet)

The present perfect tense with regular verbs (hebben gewerkt)

The present perfect tense with motion verbs (zijn gegaan)

Irregular past participles (gezien, gedaan)

The present continuous (zijn aan het)

There is / there are (er is, er zijn)

Unstressed there (er)

And, but, or (en, maar, of)

Because (want)

Months of the year

Prepositions of time (om, van ... tot)

Greetings and politeness

Conversational glue

Prepositions with days (op)

Prepositions with seasons (in)

Genitive of time ('s morgens, 's nachts)

Adverbs of frequency (altijd, vaak)

The future tense (gaan)

The future tense (zullen)

Separable verbs with auxiliary verbs

Apostrophe plurals ('-s)

Irregular plurals (-eren)

Complex diminutives (-pje, -etje, -kje)

Possessive 's (Jan's, vaders)

Indefinite pronouns (iets, niemand, alles)

Indefinite subject pronoun (je)

Reciprocal pronoun (elkaar)

Comparative adjectives (-er dan)

Comparatives with spelling change (-der)

Superlative adjectives (-st)

Irregular comparisons (beter, meer, minder)

Expressing preference (graag, liever, het liefst)

Equality comparisons (even ... als)

Fixed prepositions

That clauses (dat)

Because clauses (omdat)

If and when clauses (als)

Inversion after clauses

Separable verbs in clauses

Negation in clauses (niet)

Past tense of to be (was / waren)

Past tense of to have (had / hadden)

Question	Answer
to email	mailen
the website	de website
I emailed him because the website was offline.	Ik mailde hem omdat de website offline was.
Had you already emailed the updated files?	Had jij de geüpdatete bestanden al gemaild?
to post	posten
the blog	het blog
She posted the new blog this morning.	Zij postte het nieuwe blog vanmorgen.
to delete (computing)	deleten
Why did you delete that blog?	Waarom heb je dat blog gedeletet?
to edit	editen
If he deleted the text, we would edit it again.	Als hij de tekst deletete, zouden we hem weer editen.
He had carefully edited the text for the website.	Hij had de tekst voor de website zorgvuldig geëdit.
to design	designen
We designed the new website.	Wij designden de nieuwe website.
to promote (marketing, a product)	promoten
Have they designed the images to promote the campaign?	Hebben ze de beelden gedesignd om de campagne te promoten?
to link	linken
I promoted the product and linked to the shop.	Ik promootte het product en linkte naar de winkel.
The posted link did not work yesterday.	De geposte link werkte gisteren niet.
If we updated the blog, more people would read it.	Als we het blog updateten, zouden meer mensen het lezen.
What he had emailed, was very useful.	Wat hij gemaild had, was heel nuttig.
The colleague linked the blog to the website.	De collega linkte het blog aan de website.
to pitch	pitchen
She pitched the idea, although the boss refused it.	Zij pitchte het idee, hoewel de baas het weigerde.
to brief	briefen
We briefed the team yesterday and updated the files.	Wij hebben het team gisteren gebrieft en de bestanden geüpdatet.
to manage (projects, people)	managen
He managed the project without deleting the documents.	Hij managede het project zonder de documenten te deleten.
However, the client was disappointed when I pitched the design.	De klant was echter teleurgesteld toen ik het ontwerp pitchte.
Although she deleted the document, she managed to find it.	Hoewel ze het document heeft gedeletet, wist ze het terug te vinden.
The director managed the department and briefed the staff.	De directeur heeft de afdeling gemanaged en het personeel gebrieft.