Emphasizing in the past (het was ... die/dat ...)

Emphasizing with 'Het was'

To highlight exactly who or what was responsible for a past action, use a cleft sentence. Start with Het was (It was), followed by the person or thing you are emphasizing.

It was the queen who founded the empire.
Het was de koningin die het rijk stichtte.

Choosing 'die' or 'dat'

Connect that person or thing to the rest of the sentence using a relative pronoun: die or dat (who/that).

  • Use die for de-words (including all people) and plural nouns.
  • Use dat for singular het-words.
It was the hero who saved the leader.
Het was de held die de leider redde.
It was this book that has been published.
Het was dit boek dat is gepubliceerd.

Word order

The clause starting with die or dat is a dependent clause, which pushes the conjugated verb to the end.

It was the writer who published the masterpiece.
Het was de schrijver die het meesterwerk publiceerde.

If you have multiple verbs, they all go to the end.

It was the leader who had to protect the empire.
Het was de leider die het rijk moest beschermen.

Stating historical facts

Combine this structure with verbs like stichten (to found) and uitvinden (to invent) to state historical facts or answer trivia questions.

It was the inventor who invented the first car.
Het was de uitvinder die de eerste auto uitvond.
It was the hero who founded the city.
Het was de held die de stad stichtte.