Learn Arabic (Modern Standard): لماذا ينام الولد مبكرا؟

Arabic doesn't use helper verbs like "do" or "does" to form questions. You simply put the question word لماذا (why) directly in front of the main verb ينام (he sleeps). The literal translation is "Why sleeps the boy early?".

Why does the verb ينام come before "the boy" (الولد)?

In Arabic, the most common sentence structure is Verb-Subject-Object. This is especially true after question words. So, instead of saying "why the boy sleeps," Arabic naturally says "why sleeps the boy" (لماذا ينام الولد).

Why does مبكرا have an extra "alif" and two small lines at the end?

Those two slanted lines are called "tanwin fatha," which adds an "-an" sound to the end of the word. In Arabic, adding this to the end of a word is a common way to create an adverb (a word that describes an action, like how or when it happens), similar to adding "-ly" in English. It changes the base word into مبكرا to describe the timing of his sleep.

How can we tell the verb is for a masculine subject just by looking at ينام?

In the present tense, Arabic verbs change their first letter depending on who is doing the action. The prefix يـ (ya-) at the beginning of ينام is used for "he". If the subject were a girl, the verb would start with تـ (ta-) to mean "she sleeps" (تنام).