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### Birthdays and the new year

**{{item:1152557}}** is *happy birthday* and **{{item:1152561}}** *happy new year*. The reply is شكرا, or ولك أيضا, *and to you too*. The كل عام وأنتم بخير you know fits both occasions.

{{item:1152558}}

{{item:1152562}}

### The sick and the dead

Two formulas are the optative past of the last lesson, frozen. To someone who is ill, say **{{item:1152564}}**, *may God heal you*: the same spelling serves a man and a woman. About someone else, change the pronoun: شفاه الله, شفاها الله. The reply is شكرا, or آمين *amen*.

{{item:1152560}}

After the name of someone who has died, add **{{item:1152567}}**, or رحمها الله for a woman.

{{item:1152568}}

### Welcome back

When someone comes home from a journey, or out of hospital, greet them with **{{item:1152570}}**: *thank God you are safe*. The answer is الله يسلمك, *may God keep you safe*.

{{item:1152572}}

### At the table

| when | you say | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| before the meal | {{item:1152573}} | bon appétit |
| to someone eating, or just done | {{item:1152576}} | enjoy it, may it do you good |
| to someone drinking | {{item:1152579}} | to your health |

شكرا answers all three; to صحة وعافية people often reply الله يعافيك, *may God give you health*.

{{item:1152574}}

{{item:1152578}}

### Meeting someone new

**{{item:1152582}}** (*a happy chance*) is said to someone you have just met, often as you part. The polite reply is وأنا أسعد, *and I am happier*.

{{item:1152584}}

Wishes and condolences (شفاك الله، رحمه الله، عيد ميلاد سعيد)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
happy birthday	عيد ميلاد سعيد'îdu mîlâdin sa'îd
Happy birthday, Ahmad!	عيد ميلاد سعيد يا أحمد!idu milâdin saidun yâ ahmadu!
My father wrote on the cake: Happy birthday.	كتب أبي على الكعكة: عيد ميلاد سعيد.kataba abî 'ala al-ka'kati: 'îdu mîlâdin sa'îd
My grandfather is sick, may God heal him.	جدي مريض، شفاه الله.jaddī marîdun, shafâhu llâh.
happy new year	سنة سعيدةsanatun sa'îdah
Happy new year! — And to you too.	سنة سعيدة! — ولك أيضا.sanah sa'îdah! — wa laka aydan.
I sent my grandmother a card: Happy new year!	أرسلت لجدتي بطاقة: سنة سعيدة!arsaltu li-jaddati bitâqah: sanah sa'îdah!
get well soon (may God heal you)	شفاك اللهshafâka llâhu
May God heal you, Grandpa!	شفاك الله يا جدي!shafâka llâhu yâ jaddî!
We visited our friend in the hospital and said to him: May God heal you.	زرنا صديقنا في المستشفى وقلنا له: شفاك الله.zurnâ sadîqanâ fî-l-mustashfâ wa qulnâ lahu: shafâka-llâh
may God have mercy on him (God rest his soul)	رحمه اللهraḥimahu llâh
My neighbor passed away yesterday, may God have mercy on him.	توفي جاري أمس، رحمه الله.tuwuffiya jârî amsi, raḥimahu-llâh
We talked about my grandfather, may God have mercy on him.	تحدثنا عن جدي، رحمه الله.tahaddathna an jaddi, rahimahu allah
welcome back (thank God you're safe)	الحمد لله على السلامةal-hamdu lillâhi 'alâ s-salâmah
You came back from the trip? Thank God you're safe!	رجعت من الرحلة؟ الحمد لله على السلامة!rajaata mina ir-rihlati? al-hamdu lillâhi alâ s-salâmati!
I left the hospital today. — Thank God you're safe!	خرجت من المستشفى اليوم. — الحمد لله على السلامة!kharajtu mina almustashfâ alyawma. — alhamdu lillâhi 'alâ assalâmah!
bon appétit	شهية طيبةshahiyyatan tayyibah
The food is ready, bon appétit!	الطعام جاهز، شهية طيبة!at-ta'âmu jâhizun, shahiyyatun tayyibah!
My mother put the dinner on the table and said: Bon appétit.	وضعت أمي العشاء على الطاولة وقالت: شهية طيبة.wada'at ommi al-'ashâ' 'alâ al-tâwila wa qâlat: shahiyyatan tayyibatan
enjoy it! (said at or after a meal)	صحة وعافيةsihha wa âfiya
You're eating? Enjoy it!	أنت تأكل؟ صحة وعافية!anta ta'kulu? sahhatan wa âfiyatan!
Thanks for the dinner! — Enjoy it!	شكرا على العشاء! — صحة وعافية.shukran 'alâ al-'ashâ'! — sihhatan wa 'âfiyatan.
to your health!	بالصحةbis-sihha
The guest drank the juice, so my mother said: To your health!	شربت الضيفة العصير، فقالت أمي: بالصحة!sharibat id-dayfatu l-aseer, faqâlat ommi: bis-sihha!
My father lifted the cup of juice and said: To your health!	رفع أبي كوب العصير وقال: بالصحة!rafa'a abî kûba al-'asîri wa qâla: bis-sihhati!
nice to meet you	فرصة سعيدةfursatun sa'îdah
Nice to meet you, sir!	فرصة سعيدة يا سيدي!furṣatun sa'îdatun yâ sayyidî!
This is my brother Ahmad. — Nice to meet you!	هذا أخي أحمد. — فرصة سعيدة!hâdhâ akhî ahmad. — fursa sa'îda!

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