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Look up at the night sky! This lesson takes you on a journey through the cosmos. You will learn the essential vocabulary to discuss galaxies, space exploration, and the physical laws of the universe.

### Observing the Sky

To begin our exploration, you will need to know how to talk about observing celestial bodies. A key verb for tracking and watching the stars is "to observe":

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You can combine this with tools like a telescope (تلسكوب) and locations like an observatory (مرصد) to describe scientific work. Notice how the word for "galaxy" (مجرة) fits into these observations:

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### Physics and Space Travel

As we move deeper into space, we encounter the physical forces and vehicles involved in space exploration. You will learn words for the universe (كون), an orbit (مدار), a space shuttle (مكوك), and gravity:

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Let's see how these terms describe the realities of space travel and the vastness of the universe:

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### Celestial Phenomena

Finally, let's look at specific things you might find in a solar (شمسي) system, such as a meteor (نيزك).

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The Cosmos

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
to observe	رصدrasada
galaxy	مجرةmajarra
telescope	تلسكوبtiliskôb
The scientist observed the galaxy with a new telescope during the night.	رصدت العالمة المجرة بتلسكوب جديد خلال الليل.rasadati al-aalimatu al-majarrata bitiliskoobin jadeedin khilâla al-layli.
observatory	مرصدmarsad
She observed the new galaxy from the observatory for a month.	رصدت المجرة الجديدة من المرصد لمدة شهر.rasadati al-majarrata al-jadîdata mina al-marsadi li-muddati shahrin
shuttle	مكوكmakkûk
The scientist found the shuttle useful.	وجدت العالمة المكوك مفيدا.wajadati al-'âlimatu al-makkûka mufîdan
gravity	جاذبيةjâdhibiyyah
orbit	مدارmadâr
Gravity is weak in the orbit, which makes movement difficult.	الجاذبية ضعيفة في المدار، مما يجعل الحركة صعبة.al-jâdhibiyyatu da'īfatun fi al-madâri, mimmâ yaj'alu al-haraka sa'batan
universe	كونkawn
The student in the observatory thought gravity was the same in the whole universe.	ظن الطالب في المرصد الجاذبية واحدة في كل الكون.zhanna at-tâlibu fil-marsadi al-jâdhibiyyata wâhidatan fi kulli al-kawni.
There are many galaxies in the universe, which makes it vast.	توجد مجرات كثيرة في الكون، مما يجعله واسعا.tûjadu majarrâtun kathîratun fî al-kawni, mimmâ yaj'aluhu wâsi'an.
solar	شمسيshamsî
The earth revolves in a solar orbit during the year.	تدور الأرض في مدار شمسي خلال العام.tadûru al-ardu fî madârin shamsiyyin khilâla al-âm.
meteor	نيزكnayzak
We observed a huge meteor from the observatory during the night.	رصدنا نيزكا ضخما من المرصد خلال الليل.rasadnâ nayzakan dakhman mina al-marsadi khilâla al-layli
She saw the meteor with the telescope, which made her happy.	رأت النيزك بالتلسكوب، مما جعلها سعيدة.ra'ati an-nayzaka bit-tiliskôbi, mimmâ ja'alahâ sa'îdatan.
The shuttle arrived at a new solar system without gravity.	وصل المكوك إلى نظام شمسي جديد بدون جاذبية.wasala al-makkooku ilaa nizhaamin shamsiyyin jadeedin bidooni jaadhibiyyatin