With the aim of
You know هدف goal. بهدف(bihadafi) (with the goal of) + a noun, usually a verbal noun, gives the purpose of an action. It does the job of لكي + a verb, with a noun instead of a verb, and sounds more formal.
| He came to Egypt with the aim of studying. | جاء إلى مصر بهدف الدراسة.jâ'a ilâ misra bihadafi ddirâsah |
The verb هدف إلى(hadafa ilâ) (يَهْدِفُ إلى) is to aim to: a project, a plan or a government aims at something, again with a verbal noun after إلى.
| This project aims to protect the environment. | يهدف هذا المشروع إلى حماية البيئة.yahdifu hâdhâ al-mashrû'u ilâ himâyati al-bî'ah. |
Since, and for fear of
حيث إن(haythu inna) is since, given that, like بما أن and the إذ إن you just learned. Like إنّ, it takes a noun or an attached pronoun: حيث إن الجو بارد، حيث إنه مريض.
| We won't go out today, since the weather is very cold. | لن نخرج اليوم، حيث إن الجو بارد جدا.lan nakhruja al-yawma, haythu inna al-jawwa bâridun jiddan. |
خشية(khashyata) (fear) + a noun is for fear of; خشية أن + a verb is for fear that. It names the danger; لئلا names what you avoid doing.
| We didn't go out for fear of the rain. | لم نخرج خشية المطر.lam nakhruj khashyata-l-maTar |
Towards, how far, across
باتجاه(bittijâhi) is ب + اتجاه direction: towards, in the direction of, with verbs of movement. على بعد('alâ bu'di) gives a distance in kilometers or in minutes; the starting point follows with من.
| The village is twenty kilometers from the city. | تقع القرية على بعد عشرين كيلومترا من المدينة.taqau alqaryatu ala budi ishrîna kîlûmitran mina almadînati |
عبر('abra) has a third meaning. You know the verb عَبَرَ to cross and عبّر عن to express. The preposition عَبْرَ is across, via: across a desert, by email, over the internet.
| We crossed the river by the old bridge. | عبرنا النهر عبر الجسر القديم.'abarnâ an-nahra 'abra al-jisri al-qadîm. |
The first عبر carries a subject ending (ـنا), so it is the verb. The second sits before a noun, like a preposition.
