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Defective verbs have roots ending in a weak letter (و or ي). For regular Form I verbs, the passive participle (the object receiving the action, like "broken" or "written") follows the pattern مَفْعول. When the root ends in a weak letter, the end of the word changes slightly to make pronunciation flow more naturally.

### Roots Ending in و

If the root ends in و (like د-ع-و for "to invite"), the passive participle ends in ـُوّ. For example, "invited" is مَدْعُوّ.

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### Roots Ending in ي

If the root ends in ي, the passive participle ends in ـِيّ. The vowel before it changes to a *kasra* to match the ي. For example, the root for "to grill" is ش-و-ي, making the passive participle مَشْوِيّ (grilled).

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Similarly, "fried" (from ق-ل-ي) is مَقْلِيّ:

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Other everyday examples include "built" (مَبْنِيّ), "folded" (مَطْوِيّ), "forgotten" (مَنْسِيّ), and "thrown" (مَرْمِيّ).

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### Agreement as Adjectives

Like all participles in Arabic, passive participles frequently act as adjectives. They must agree with the noun they describe in gender, definiteness, number, and case. 

To make a passive participle ending in ـِيّ feminine, simply add a ة, which results in the ending ـِيَّة.

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Notice how the feminine form is used for grammatically feminine nouns (like شواية for grill) as well as non-human plural nouns (like بطاطس for potatoes).

Passive participles of defective verbs (مَبْنِيّ, مَدْعُوّ)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
barbecue	شواءshiwâ'
How are you? Are you invited to the barbecue today?	كيف حالك؟ هل أنت مدعو إلى الشواء اليوم؟kayfa hâluka? hal anta mad'uwwun ilâ ash-shiwâ'i al-yawma?
Ahmed is invited to the barbecue, but Maryam is walking to the park.	أحمد مدعو إلى الشواء، لكن مريم تمشي إلى الحديقة.ahmadu mad'uwwun ilâ ash-shiwâ'i, lâkinna maryama tamshî ilâ al-hadîqati
grilled	مشويmashwiy
charcoal	فحمfahm
The chicken is grilled on the charcoal.	الدجاج مشوي على الفحم.ad-dajâju mashwiyyun 'alā al-faḥm
She prefers charcoal-grilled meat.	هي تفضل اللحم المشوي على الفحم.hiya tufaddilu l-lahma l-mashwiyya ala l-fahm
fried	مقليmaqliyy
This fish is fried, but Ahmed wants a grilled fish.	هذا السمك مقلي، لكن أحمد يريد سمكا مشويا.hâdhâ as-samaku maqliyyun, lâkinna ahmada yurîdu samakan mashwiyyan.
mat	بساطbisât
We ate fried potatoes on the mat.	أكلنا بطاطس مقلية على البساط.akalnâ batâtisa maqliyyatan 'alâ al-bisât
folded	مطويmatwiyyun
The mat is folded in the car.	البساط مطوي في السيارة.al-bisâtu matwiyyun fî as-sayyârati.
forgotten	منسيmansiyy
My folded shirt is forgotten in Fatima's room.	قميصي المطوي منسي في غرفة فاطمة.qamîṣî al-maṭwiyyu mansiyyun fî ghurfati fâṭimah
thrown	مرميmarmiyy
The forgotten bread is thrown outside the tent.	الخبز المنسي مرمي خارج الخيمة.alkhubzu almansiyyu marmiyyun khârija alkhaymati.
The bag of charcoal is thrown on the grass.	كيس الفحم مرمي على العشب.kisu al-fahmi marmiyyun alâ al-ushbi
built	مبنيmabniyy
This oven is built for grilling.	هذا الفرن مبني للشواء.hâdhâ al-furnu mabniyyun lish-shiwâ'i
The oven is built in the garden, and the chicken is grilled.	الفرن مبني في الحديقة، والدجاج مشوي.al-furnu mabniyyun fi al-hadîqati, wad-dajâju mashwiyyun
grill	شوايةshawwâya
The new grill is built in my mother's garden.	الشواية الجديدة مبنية في حديقة أمي.ash-shawwâyatu al-jadîdatu mabniyyatun fî hadîqati ummî
skewer	سيخsîkh
We have two skewers of grilled meat on the grill.	عندنا سيخان من اللحم المشوي على الشواية.'indanâ sîkhâni mina l-lahmi l-mashwiyyi 'alâ sh-shawwâyati
sauce	صلصةsalsa
Fatima had forgotten the sauce, but the fish is fried.	كانت فاطمة قد نسيت الصلصة، لكن السمك مقلي.kânat fâtima qad nasiyat is-salsa, lâkinna s-samaka maqliyy
Every neighbor is invited, and the sauce is ready.	كل جار مدعو، والصلصة جاهزة.kullu jârin mad'uwwun, wa-ssalsatu jâhizatun
Some fish is fried, and some of it is grilled on the skewer.	بعض السمك مقلي، وبعضه مشوي على السيخ.ba'du s-samaki maqliyyun, wa ba'duhu mashwiyyun 'alâ s-sîkh.