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In Arabic, when attaching a pronoun suffix to extended nouns (nouns ending in an Alif followed by a Hamza, like أبناء or شركاء), the Hamza moves to the middle of the word. Its "seat" then changes based on the grammatical case of the noun.

In this lesson, we will complete the rules for case-based Hamza orthography by focusing on the genitive case, applying it to legal concepts such as estates, wills, and financial inheritance.

### The Genitive Case: Hamza on Yaa (ـئِ)

A noun is placed in the genitive case when it follows a preposition, a spatial word, or acts as the second noun in a possessive construction (Idafa). 

In the genitive case, the noun takes a Kasra vowel (ـِ). Because the Kasra is positioned at the bottom, it forces the middle Hamza to sit on a dotless Yaa, often called a "tooth" or "chair" (ـئِ). 

### Following Prepositions

When an extended noun with a pronoun suffix directly follows a preposition like لـ (to/for) or عن (about/from), it takes the genitive case. Notice how the Hamza sits on a tooth (ـئِ) in these examples:

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### Following Spatial Words

Words like بين (between/among) and مثل (like) also force the noun that immediately follows them into the genitive case:

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### Possessive Constructions (Idafa)

The second part of a possessive relationship (the "owner") is always in the genitive case. In the phrase for "the share of his partners" (حصة شركائه), the word for partners takes the Kasra and its Hamza sits on a tooth.

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Understanding this spelling rule will help you quickly identify the grammatical role of these nouns in legal texts, ensuring fairness in your reading comprehension!

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Hamza orthography: genitive (ـئِ)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
estate	تركةtarika
We read about his estate and the share of his partners.	قرأنا عن تركته وحصة شركائه.qara'nâ 'an tarikatihi wa hissati shurakâ'ihi.
death (passing away, decease)	وفاةwafâh
After her death, the dispute started among her sons.	بعد وفاتها، بدأ النزاع بين أبنائها.ba'da wafâtihâ, bada'a n-nizâ'u bayna abnâ'ihâ.
The lawyer confirmed his death to his colleagues.	أكد المحامي وفاته لزملائه.akkada al-muhâmî wafâtahu lizumalâ'ihi
to bequeath	أوصى بawsâ bi
He bequeathed his estate to his friends.	أوصى بتركته لأصدقائه.awsâ bi-tarikatihi li-asdiqâ'ihi
Did she bequeath the house to her sons?	هل أوصت بالبيت لأبنائها؟hal awsat bil-bayti li-abnâ'ihâ?
executor	وصيwasiyy
The judge was a fair executor for his children.	كان القاضي وصيا عادلا لأبنائه.kâna al-qâḍî waṣiyyan 'âdilan li-abnâ'ihi
The executor did not hide the truth from her partners.	ما أخفى الوصي الحقيقة عن شركائها.mâ akhfâ al-waṣiyyu al-haqîqata an shurakâ'ihâ
share (allotted portion, lot in life)	نصيبnasîb
He took his share of the estate like his brothers.	أخذ نصيبه من التركة مثل أشقائه.akhadha nasîbahu mina ttarikati mithla ashiqqâ'ihi
I did not find my share in the document.	ما وجدت نصيبي في الوثيقة.mâ wajadtu naṣîbî fil wathîqah.
to inherit	ورثwaritha
She inherited the company like her fathers.	ورثت الشركة مثل آبائها.warithati sh-sharikata mithla âbâ'ihâ
He hid the will from his friends, let alone his partners.	أخفى الوصية عن أصدقائه، ناهيك عن شركائه.akhfâ al-wasiyyata 'an asdiqâ'ihi, nâhîka 'an shurakâ'ihi
division (mathematics, distribution)	قسمةqisma
The division of the inheritance was fair among his sons.	كانت قسمة الميراث عادلة بين أبنائه.kânat qismatu-l-mirâthi 'âdilatan bayna abnâ'ihi
We agreed on the division with his partners.	اتفقنا على القسمة مع شركائه.ittafaqnâ 'alâ al-qismati ma'a shurakâ'ihi
lawful	شرعيshar'î
The lawful heir demanded her right from her enemies.	طالبت الوريثة الشرعية بحقها من أعدائها.tâlabati al-warîthatu ash-shar'iyyatu bi-haqqihâ min a'dâ'ihâ
Is this a lawful document for his children, let alone his grandchildren?	هل هذه وثيقة شرعية لأبنائه، ناهيك عن أحفاده؟hal hâdhihi wathîqatun shar'iyyatun li'abnâ'ihi, nâhîka 'an ahfâdihi?
fairness	إنصافinsâf
We demand fairness for his colleagues.	نطالب بالإنصاف لزملائه.nutâlibu bil-insâfi lizumalâ'ihi
Fairness was absent in the division of the estate.	كان الإنصاف غائبا في قسمة التركة.kâna al-insâfu ghâ'iban fî qismati t-tarikah
greed	طمعtama'
The executor's greed spoiled the relationship among his sons.	أفسد طمع الوصي العلاقة بين أبنائه.afsada tama'u al-wasiyyi al-'alâqata bayna abnâ'ihi
She did not inherit anything because of her greed.	ما ورثت شيئا بسبب طمعها.mâ warithat shay'an bisababi tama'ihâ