Using إذ for Reasons and Justifications
In formal Arabic, the particle إذ is used as a causal conjunction meaning "since," "seeing that," or "because." It introduces a clause that explains the reason for an action or event. It is typically followed by a verb, including past tense, present tense, or forms of كان.
| The queen occupied the city, seeing that it was an important center. | احتلت الملكة المدينة، إذ كانت مركزا مهما.ihtallati al-malikatu al-madînata, idh kânat markazan muhimman. |
| The invasion failed, seeing that the difficult terrain severed the supply lines. | فشل الغزو، إذ قطعت التضاريس الصعبة خطوط الإمداد.fashila al-ghazwu, idh qata'ati at-tadârîsu as-sa'batu khutûta al-imdâd |
Using إذ إنّ with Nominal Clauses
When the clause explaining the reason starts with a noun or a pronoun (a nominal clause), you must use إذ إنّ instead of just إذ. Just like when using إنّ on its own, the noun that immediately follows it is the subject of the new clause and takes the accusative case.
| The king began building a large fleet, since the invasion requires strong ships. | أخذ الملك يبني أسطولا كبيرا، إذ إن الغزو يحتاج إلى سفن قوية.akhadha al-maliku yabnî ustûlan kabîran, idh inna al-ghazwa yahtâju ilâ sufunin qawiyyatin. |
| The enemy did not attack the trench, given that the garrison was ready. | لم يهاجم العدو الخندق، إذ إن الحامية كانت جاهزة.lam yuhâjimi al-'aduwwu al-khandaqa, idh inna al-hâmiyata kânat jâhizatan. |
| The army occupied the country, given that the ruler wanted more wealth. | احتل الجيش البلد، إذ إن الحاكمة أرادت مزيدا من الثروة.ihtalla al-jayshu al-balada, idh inna al-hâkimata arâdat mazîdan mina ath-tharwati. |
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