Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Introducing Form X Verbs (استفعل)

Form X verbs are created by adding the prefix استـ to a three-letter root (ف ع ل), forming the pattern استفعل.

In terms of meaning, Form X verbs often express seeking, requesting, or extracting something related to the root. For example, applying this pattern to the root for coming out or exiting (خ ر ج) creates the verb for "to extract" (استخرج). Because of this, Form X verbs are heavily used in vocabulary related to natural resources, science, and heavy industry.

{{item:1121332}}

### Conjugating Form X in the Past Tense

The base past tense pattern for Form X is اسْتَفْعَلَ. Like other derived forms, its past tense conjugation is perfectly regular. Simply attach the standard past tense suffixes to the end of the base form.

{{item:1121338}}

{{item:1121353}}

### Conjugating Form X in the Present Tense

The base present tense pattern for Form X is يَسْتَفْعِلُ. 

When conjugating in the present tense, drop the initial ا from the prefix and replace it with the standard present tense prefix letters. Pay close attention to the vowels:
- The present tense prefix takes a fatha ( َ ).
- The س and the first root letter take a sukun ( ْ ).
- The ت takes a fatha ( َ ).
- The middle root letter takes a kasra ( ِ ).

| Tense | Pattern | Example (he extracts) |
|---|---|---|
| Past | اسْتَفْعَلَ | اسْتَخْرَجَ |
| Present | يَسْتَفْعِلُ | يَسْتَخْرِجُ |

{{item:1121342}}

{{item:1121345}}

{{item:1121335}}

{{item:1121348}}

Form X verbs (استفعل)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
to extract	استخرجistakhraja
oil (petroleum)	نفطnaft
gas	غازghâz
The company extracts oil and gas from the sea.	تستخرج الشركة النفط والغاز من البحر.tastakhriju ash-sharikatu an-nifta wal-ghâza mina al-bahri
to explore	استكشفistakshafa
Did this engineer explore the place?	هل استكشف هذا المهندس المكان؟hal istakshafa hâdhâ al-muhandisu al-makâna?
We explored the mountain and found the gas.	استكشفنا الجبل ووجدنا الغاز.istakshafnâ al-jabala wa wajadnâ al-ghâza.
to import	استوردistawrada
factory	مصنعmasna'
material	مادةmâdda
This factory imports a new material.	يستورد هذا المصنع مادة جديدة.yastawridu hâdhâ al-masna'u mâddatan jadîdatan.
to consume	استهلكistahlaka
energy	طاقةtâqa
This factory consumes a lot of energy.	يستهلك هذا المصنع طاقة كثيرة.yastahliku hâdhâ al-masna'u tâqatan kathîratan
industry	صناعةsinâ'ah
Heavy industry consumes a natural material.	تستهلك الصناعة الثقيلة مادة طبيعية.tastahliku as-sinâatu ath-thaqîlatu mâddatan tabîiyyatan.
They extract iron for the car industry.	يستخرجون الحديد لصناعة السيارات.yastakhrijûna al-hadîda lisinâ'ati as-sayyârât
We do not import oil, but we extract it here.	لا نستورد النفط لكن نستخرجه هنا.lâ nastawridu n-nifTa lakin nastakhrijuhu hunâ
They might explore this place and search for new energy.	قد يستكشفون هذا المكان ويبحثون عن طاقة جديدة.qad yastakshifûna hâdhâ al-makâna wa yabhathûna 'an tâqatin jadîdatin
Do they consume this material in the car industry?	هل يستهلكون هذه المادة في صناعة السيارات؟hal yastahlikûna hâdhihi al-mâddata fî sinâ'ati as-sayyârât?
Is the oil industry big?	هل صناعة النفط كبيرة؟hal sinâ'atu an-nifti kabîra?
The new factory imported a modern machine.	استورد المصنع الجديد آلة حديثة.istawrada al-masna'u al-jadeedu âlatan hadeethatan.