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Unlike English, which only distinguishes between singular and plural, Arabic has a specific grammatical number for exactly two people or things: the dual.

### Independent Dual Pronouns

When using a pronoun as the subject of a sentence (like "you" or "they"), use the independent dual pronouns. Conveniently, dual pronouns are completely gender-neutral—you use the exact same word for two men, two women, or one man and one woman.

- **أنتما** (you two)
- **هما** (they two)

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### Attached Dual Pronouns

When a pronoun indicates possession (attached to a noun) or acts as an object (attached to a preposition or particle), it takes a suffix form.

- **ـكما** (your / you [two]) corresponds to أنتما.
- **ـهما** (their / them [two]) corresponds to هما.

Here is how they attach to the end of nouns to show shared possession:

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### Attaching to Prepositions and Particles

The exact same suffixes attach to prepositions (like لـ for "to/for" or بين for "between") and conjunctions or particles (like لكن for "but").

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Dual pronouns (هما، أنتما، ـهما، ـكما)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
you (two)	أنتماantumâ
partner	شريكsharîk
shared	مشتركmushtarak
Are you two partners in this shared project?	هل أنتما شريكان في هذا المشروع المشترك؟hal antumâ sharîkâni fî hâdhâ al-mashrû'i al-mushtaraki
they (two)	هماhumâ
optimistic	متفائلmutafâ'il
your / you (two, object)	كماkumâ
their / them (two)	هماhumâ
Yes, they (two) are very optimistic partners.	نعم، هما شريكان متفائلان جدا.na'am, humâ sharîkâni mutafâ'ilâni jiddan.
experience	خبرةkhibra
trade	تجارةtijâra
Their (two) experience in trade is excellent.	خبرتهما في التجارة ممتازة.khibratuhumâ fi t-tijârati mumtâzatun.
financing	تمويلtamwîl
Financing is important for you two in this project.	التمويل مهم لكما في هذا المشروع.at-tamwîlu muhimmun lakumâ fî hâdhâ al-mashrû‘.
trust	ثقةthiqa
future	مستقبلmustaqbal
Indeed, their (two) trust in the future is great.	إن ثقتهما في المستقبل كبيرة.inna thiqatahumâ fi-l-mustaqbali kabîratun
You two are optimistic because the trust between you two is strong.	أنتما متفائلان لأن الثقة بينكما قوية.antumâ mutafâ'ilâni li'anna ath-thiqata baynakumâ qawiyyah
Experience and financing are important for them (two) in trade.	الخبرة والتمويل مهمان لهما في التجارة.al-khibratu wat-tamwîlu muhimmâni lahumâ fit-tijârati.
This shared business is your (two) future.	هذا العمل المشترك هو مستقبلكما.hâdhâ alamalu almushtaraku huwa mustaqbalukumâ
The company is new, but they (two) are very optimistic.	الشركة جديدة، لكنهما متفائلان جدا.ash-sharikatu jadidatun, lâkinnahumâ mutafâ'ilâni jiddan.
Is the shared trade difficult for you two?	هل التجارة المشتركة صعبة عليكما؟hal ittijâratu al-mushtarakatu sa'batun 'alaykumâ؟
Their (two) house is big.	بيتهما كبير.baytuhumâ kabîr
Their (two) car is new.	سيارتهما جديدة.sayyâratuhumâ jadîdatun
Is this your (two) house?	هل هذا بيتكما؟hal hâdhâ baytukumâ?
Where is your (two) car?	أين سيارتكما؟ayna sayyâratukumâ?
They (two) are at home now.	هما في البيت الآن.huma fi al-bayti al-ân
Are they (two) ready?	هل هما جاهزان؟hal humâ jâhizâni?

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