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### Causation with جعل

To express causation—meaning someone or something *makes* another person or thing perform an action—use the verb جعل (to make).

The structure for this is straightforward but specific:
- The verb جعل conjugated for the subject (the cause).
- The direct object (the person or thing being affected).
- A bare present-tense verb to describe the resulting action (do not use particles like أن).

When the object is a pronoun, attach it directly to جعل as a suffix.

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### Using Explicit Nouns as Objects

If the object being acted upon is a specified noun instead of a pronoun, it immediately follows جعل and takes the accusative case.

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### Conjugating and Combining Actions

The main verb جعل can be conjugated in any tense, such as the present tense (يجعل). Regardless of the tense of جعل, the resulting action verb remains in the present tense to describe the immediate reaction.

You can also compound these sentences to describe multiple reactions to a single event:

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Causation (جعل)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
news	نبأnaba'
shocking	صادمsâdim
to tremble	ارتجفirtajafa
The shocking news made her tremble.	النبأ الصادم جعلها ترتجف.an-naba'u aṣ-ṣâdimu ja'alahâ tartajifu.
tragic	مأساويma'sâwiyy
to freeze	تجمدtajammada
panic	ذعرdhu'r
The tragic news made the man freeze from panic.	الخبر المأساوي جعل الرجل يتجمد من الذعر.al-khabaru al-ma'sâwiyyu ja'ala ar-rajula yatajammadu mina adh-dhu'ri
astonishment	دهشةdahsha
to gasp	شهقshahaqa
He did not speak, but the astonishment made him gasp.	لم يتكلم، لكن الدهشة جعلته يشهق.lam yatakallam, lâkinna ad-dahshata ja'alat-hu yashhaq.
to palpitate	خفقkhafaqa
The sudden news made her heart palpitate.	الخبر المفاجئ جعل قلبها يخفق.al-khabaru al-mufâji'u ja'ala qalbahâ yakhfiqu.
to get emotional	انفعلinfa'ala
The tragic situation made the woman become agitated from panic.	الموقف المأساوي جعل المرأة تنفعل من الذعر.al-mawqifu al-ma'sâwiyyu ja'ala al-mar'ata tanfa'ilu mina adh-dhu'ri
The shocking news either makes him cry or makes him gasp.	النبأ الصادم إما يجعله يبكي أو يجعله يشهق.annaba'u assâdimu immâ yaj'aluhu yabkî aw yaj'aluhu yashhaqu
Astonishment made the girl tremble and her heart palpitate.	الدهشة جعلت البنت ترتجف ويخفق قلبها.ad-dahshatu ja'alati l-binta tartajifu wa-yakhfiqu qalbuhâ
The truth might make the employee freeze from astonishment.	قد تجعل الحقيقة الموظف يتجمد من الدهشة.qad taj'alu al-haqiqatu al-muwazzafa yatajammadu mina ad-dahshati
She did not sleep, because the panic made her heart palpitate.	لم تنم، لأن الذعر جعل قلبها يخفق.lam tanam, li'anna adh-dhu'ra ja'ala qalbahâ yakhfiqu
The news did not make him tremble, but rather it made him gasp.	لم يجعله النبأ يرتجف، بل جعله يشهق.lam yaj'alhu an-naba'u yartajifu, bal ja'alahu yashhaqu
The shocking result either makes the team freeze or become agitated.	النتيجة الصادمة إما تجعل الفريق يتجمد أو ينفعل.an-natîjatu s-sâdimatu immâ taj'alu l-farîqa yatajammadu aw yanfa'ilu.
The tragic accident made the boy feel panic and astonishment.	الحادث المأساوي جعل الولد يشعر بالذعر والدهشة.al-hâdithu al-ma'sâwiyyu ja'ala al-walada yash'uru bidh-dhu'ri wad-dahshati