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### Expressing "When"

Arabic uses two common words for "when":
- لما: Used with past-tense verbs to describe completed events.
- عندما: Used with past and present-tense verbs for general statements, future events, or ongoing situations.

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### The Conditional "If it weren't for"

To express "if it weren't for [something]," use the conditional particle لولا.

- لولا is always followed directly by a noun.
- The result clause usually begins with لـ ("would have") for a positive outcome, or لما ("would not have") for a negative outcome. Both are followed by a past-tense verb.

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### Travel Itineraries

Use ذهاب for an outbound journey and إياب for a return journey.

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### Accommodation Types

Use مفرد for a single room or bed, and مزدوج for a double.

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### Cancellations and Refunds

If plans change, you might need to handle a cancellation (إلغاء), request a refund (استرداد), or confirm the total (إجمالي) cost.

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Booking a Vacation

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

interrogative

noun

numeral

particle

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite article and locatives (الـ)

Basic noun gender (ة)

Sun and moon letters

Singular subject pronouns (أنا، أنت، هو، هي)

Indefinite nouns and nominal sentences (ـٌ)

Demonstrative pronouns for 'this' (هذا / هذه)

Separate prepositions (في، من، إلى، على)

Attributive adjectives

Predicative adjectives

Yes/No questions (هل، أ)

Basic questions (من، ما، أين)

Singular possessive pronouns (ـي، ـك، ـه، ـها)

Plural subject pronouns (نحن، أنتم، هم)

Plural possessive pronouns (ـنا، ـكم، ـهم)

Noun possession

Attached prepositions (بـ، لـ، كـ)

Pronouns with prepositions

Having and possessing (عند، لـ، مع)

Regular plural nouns (ـون، ـين، ـات)

Broken plurals

Dual nouns (ـان / ـين)

Plural and distant demonstratives (هؤلاء، ذلك، تلك)

Non-human plural agreement

Present tense singular verbs

Verbal sentences (VSO)

Present tense plural verbs

Topicalized sentences (SVO)

The indefinite accusative case (ـاً)

Verb object pronouns (-ني، -ك، -ه)

Present tense negation (لا)

Question words with verbs (متى، كيف...)

Adverbs of time and place

The future tense (سـ / سوف)

Intentions and desires (أن)

Negating states and possession (ليس)

Past tense singular suffixes

Past tense plural suffixes

Negating past events (ما)

Singular commands

Numbers 1 to 10

Number agreement for 1 and 2 (واحد، اثنان)

Asking how many (كم)

Numbers 3 to 10 (ثلاثة إلى عشرة)

Ordinal numbers 1 to 10 (الأول، الثاني)

Basic conjunctions (فـ، أو، لكن)

Ordering at a café (واحد، اثنان)

Food and drink with conjunctions (و، ف، أو، لكن)

There is and there are (هناك / ليس هناك)

Direct address (يا)

Giving reasons (لأنّ)

Relative pronouns (الذي / التي)

Quantifiers (كل / بعض)

The past tense of 'to be' (كان)

Past possession

Numbers 11 to 19 and tens to 80

Telling time (الساعة)

This book vs this is a book (هذا الكتاب، هذا كتاب)

Greetings (مرحبا، السلام عليكم)

How are you? and goodbye (كيف حالك، مع السلامة)

Nationalities (مصري، مصرية)

Roots and patterns (كتب، كتاب، مكتب)

Politeness (من فضلك، آسف)

Complex possession chains

Colors and traits (أفعل / فعلاء)

Plural colors and traits (فُعْل)

Comparative adjectives (أفعل من)

Superlative adjectives (أفعل)

Adverbs of manner (ـاً)

The nominative case (ـُ)

The genitive case (ـِ)

The accusative case (ـَ)

Dual noun cases (ـان / ـين)

Masculine plurals and 'the best of' (أفضل النجارين)

Emphasizing sentences (إنّ)

Connecting clauses (أنّ)

Reporting speech (قال إنّ)

Expressing contrast (لكنّ)

Comparison and probability (كأنّ, لعلّ)

Distant plural pointing (أولئك)

Plural relative pronouns (الذين, اللواتي)

Past habits (كان + present)

Ongoing actions (ما زال)

Masculine plurals online (مبرمجون، مؤثرون)

Perfective past (قد)

Probability (قد)

The subjunctive mood (أن)

Question	Answer
confirmation	تأكيدta'kîd
When I received the confirmation message, I paid the fees.	لما استلمت رسالة التأكيد، دفعت الرسوم.lammâ istalamtu risâlata at-ta'kîdi, dafa'tu ar-rusûm
available	متاحmutâh
There is no available seat in business class.	ليس هناك أي مقعد متاح في درجة رجال الأعمال.laysa hunâka ayyu maqadin mutâhin fî darajati rijâli al-amâl
Are there available rooms in the hotel?	هل هناك غرف متاحة في الفندق؟hal hunâka ghurafun mutâhatun fil funduqi?
If it weren't for the available room, we wouldn't have traveled.	لولا الغرفة المتاحة، لما سافرنا.lawlâ al-ghurfatu al-mutâhatu, lamâ sâfarnâ
tourism	سياحةsiyâha
There are many options at the tourism office.	هناك خيارات كثيرة في مكتب السياحة.hunâka khiyârâtun kathîratun fî maktabi s-siyâhah
When the tourism sector flourishes, trips increase.	عندما يزدهر قطاع السياحة، تزيد الرحلات.'indamâ yazdahiru qitâ'u s-siyâhati, tazîdu r-rihlâtu.
outbound	ذهابdhahâb
Maryam booked only an outbound ticket to London.	حجزت مريم تذكرة ذهاب فقط إلى لندن.hajazat maryamu tadhkirata dhahâbin faqat ilâ landan
When the outbound flight arrives, I will tell you.	عندما تصل رحلة الذهاب، سأخبرك.indamâ tasilu rihlatu-dh-dhahâbi, sa'ukhbiruka
return (journey)	إيابiyâb
The outbound flight is tomorrow, and the return flight is in a week.	رحلة الذهاب غدا، ورحلة الإياب بعد أسبوع.rihlatu adh-dhahâbi ghadan, wa rihlatu al-iyâbi ba'da usbû'in
If it weren't for the return ticket, we wouldn't have traveled together.	لولا تذكرة الإياب، لما سافرنا معا.lawlâ tadhkiratu l-iyâbi, lamâ sâfarnâ ma'an
double	مزدوجmuzdawaj
Fatima requested a double room with a view.	طلبت فاطمة غرفة مزدوجة مع إطلالة.talabat fâtimatu ghurfatan muzdawijatan ma'a itlâlah
There is a double bed in this apartment.	هناك سرير مزدوج في هذه الشقة.hunâka sarîrun muzdawijun fî hâdhihi ash-shaqqah.
single (singular, individual)	مفردmufrad
Is there a single room for me?	هل هناك غرفة مفردة لي؟hal hunâka ghurfatun mufradatun lî?
If it weren't for the single bed, the child would have slept with us.	لولا السرير المفرد، لنام الطفل معنا.lawlâ as-sarîru al-mufradu, lanâma at-tiflu ma'anâ.
cancellation	إلغاءilghâ'
When Aisha requested the cancellation, the hotel refused.	لما طلبت عائشة الإلغاء، رفض الفندق.lammâ talabat 'â'ishatu al-ilghâ'a, rafada al-funduqu
refund	استردادistirdâd
Can I get a refund of the amount after the cancellation?	هل يمكنني استرداد المبلغ بعد الإلغاء؟hal yumkinuni istirdâdu al-mablaghi ba'da al-ilghâ'?
If it weren't for the employee's mistake, we wouldn't have requested a refund of the money.	لولا خطأ الموظف، لما طلبنا استرداد المال.lawlâ khata'u l-muwazzafi, lamâ talabnâ istirdâda l-mâl
total	إجماليijmâlî
When the manager pays the total, we will send her the confirmation.	عندما تدفع المديرة الإجمالي، سنرسل لها التأكيد.'indamâ tadfa'u al-mudîratu al-ijmâliyya, sanursilu lahâ atta'kîda.
The total price includes the hotel stay.	السعر الإجمالي شامل الإقامة في الفندق.as-si'ru al-ijmâliyyu shâmilu al-iqâmati fî al-funduqi.