Every Ukrainian verb comes as a two-verb set: an imperfective (the ongoing process, the habit, the bare fact of the action) and a perfective (the single completed event, the result). You can't get far without knowing the pairs, and the good news is that they are not random — they cluster by how the two members relate to each other. Learn them grouped by formation type and a few dozen pairs fall into place at once. This page is the memorization hub: the four formation patterns and the ~40 highest-frequency pairs in each. The mechanics behind each pattern are explained on the prefix and suffix pages; here you just bank the words.
Group 1: Prefix pairs (a prefix builds the perfective)
The most common pattern by far. The imperfective is the bare verb, and a prefix (про-, на-, з-/с-, по-, ви-, при-) turns it into the perfective. The prefix here adds completion, not new meaning — прочита́ти is still just "read," only finished.
| Imperfective | Perfective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| чита́ти | прочита́ти | to read |
| писа́ти | написа́ти | to write |
| роби́ти | зроби́ти | to do, make |
| їсти | з’їсти | to eat |
| пи́ти | ви́пити | to drink |
| ба́чити | поба́чити | to see |
| чу́ти | почу́ти | to hear |
| вчи́ти | ви́вчити | to learn, memorise |
| диви́тися | подиви́тися | to look, watch |
| готува́ти | приготува́ти | to cook, prepare |
| малюва́ти | намалюва́ти | to draw, paint |
| будува́ти | збудува́ти | to build |
Я щовечора чита́ю до́ньці ка́зку, а вчо́ра нарешті прочита́ли всю кни́жку.
Every evening I read my daughter a fairy tale, and yesterday we finally read the whole book. (чита́ю imperfective habit; прочита́ли perfective, the book finished.)
Не заважа́й, я готу́ю вече́рю — приготу́ю за пів годи́ни.
Don't get in the way, I'm cooking dinner — I'll have it ready in half an hour. (готу́ю imperfective, in progress; приготу́ю perfective future, the result.)
Ти вже подиви́вся той фільм? — Ні, дивлю́ся про́сто за́раз.
Have you watched that film yet? — No, I'm watching it right now. (подиви́вся perfective, done; дивлю́ся imperfective, ongoing.)
Group 2: Suffix pairs (a suffix builds the imperfective)
Here the relationship runs the other way: the perfective is the short, tight verb, and the imperfective is the longer one, padded out with -ува-/-юва- or -а-/-ва-. These are "secondary imperfectives" — imperfectives derived back from a perfective (see secondary imperfectives). A reliable visual cue: in a suffix pair, the longer word is the imperfective.
| Imperfective (longer) | Perfective (shorter) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| купува́ти | купи́ти | to buy |
| дава́ти | да́ти | to give |
| пока́зувати | показа́ти | to show |
| забува́ти | забу́ти | to forget |
| відкрива́ти | відкри́ти | to open |
| зачиня́ти | зачини́ти | to close (a door) |
| вирі́шувати | ви́рішити | to decide, solve |
| зустріча́ти | зустрі́ти | to meet |
| повертатися | поверну́тися | to return, come back |
| зака́нчувати | закі́нчити | to finish |
Я зазвича́й купу́ю хліб у тій пека́рні, а сього́дні купи́в у суперма́ркеті.
I usually buy bread at that bakery, but today I bought it at the supermarket. (купу́ю imperfective habit; купи́в perfective, one purchase.)
Вони́ щодня́ відкрива́ють кав’я́рню о во́сьмій, а сього́дні відкри́ли о деся́тій.
They open the café at eight every day, but today they opened at ten. (відкрива́ють imperfective habit; відкри́ли perfective, one event.)
Не вмика́й телеві́зор — я ще не ви́рішила, що ми диви́тимемося.
Don't switch on the TV — I haven't decided yet what we'll watch. (ви́рішила perfective, the decision as a finished point.)
Group 3: Suppletive pairs (two different roots — pure memory)
A small but extremely high-frequency group forms its pair from two unrelated roots, like English go / went or good / better. No prefix, no suffix connects them — you simply memorise the pair as a fixed couple. These are worth drilling first precisely because no rule will rescue you.
| Imperfective | Perfective | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| бра́ти | взя́ти | to take |
| говори́ти / каза́ти | сказа́ти | to say, tell |
| лови́ти | спійма́ти / злови́ти | to catch |
| кла́сти | покла́сти | to put, lay |
| шука́ти | знайти́ | to look for / find |
These are only loosely "suppletive" in places — лови́ти / злови́ти share a root and differ only by a prefix, while лови́ти / спійма́ти are genuinely from two roots; both perfectives are standard, спійма́ти being especially common for "catch and succeed." And говори́ти / каза́ти / сказа́ти is a three-way knot: говори́ти and каза́ти are both imperfective, and сказа́ти is the perfective of каза́ти. See бра́ти / взя́ти and говори́ти for full paradigms.
Я за́вжди беру́ парасо́льку, а сього́дні взяв і — звича́йно — не знадоби́лася.
I always take an umbrella, and today I took one and — of course — didn't need it. (беру́ from бра́ти; взяв from взя́ти — a completely different root.)
Скі́льки разі́в я тобі́ каза́ла? Я сказа́ла оди́н раз — а ти забу́в.
How many times have I told you? I said it once — and you forgot. (каза́ла imperfective, repeated; сказа́ла perfective, one act — suppletive.)
Group 4: Root-vowel pairs (the vowel changes, о/е → и)
A neat, systematic cluster: the two members share a root, but forming the imperfective lengthens the verb and alternates the root vowel — a tight о or е in the perfective opens up to и in the imperfective. Once you spot the alternation, you can predict whole sets of these.
| Imperfective (и) | Perfective (о/е) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| збира́ти | зібра́ти | to gather, collect |
| помира́ти | поме́рти | to die |
| почина́ти | поча́ти | to begin |
| назива́ти | назва́ти | to name, call |
| посила́ти | посла́ти | to send |
Щовесни́ ми всі́єю роди́ною збира́ємо чере́шні, а цьогорі́ч зібра́ли два відра́ за годи́ну.
Every spring our whole family picks cherries, and this year we gathered two buckets in an hour. (збира́ємо imperfective habit, root и; зібра́ли perfective result, root о.)
Фільм щойно почина́ється — ти встиг? — Так, я поча́в дивитися з са́мого поча́тку.
The film is just starting — did you make it? — Yes, I started watching from the very beginning. (почина́ється imperfective, root и; поча́в perfective, root о.)
Common Mistakes
❌ Учо́ра я чита́в усю́ кни́жку до кінця́.
Wrong for 'I read the whole book to the end (and finished)' — a completed result needs the perfective: Учо́ра я прочита́в усю́ кни́жку. (чита́в is fine for 'was reading', but not for the finished whole.)
✅ Учо́ра я прочита́в усю́ кни́жку.
Yesterday I read the whole book (and finished it). (прочита́в perfective, the result.)
❌ Я щодня́ купи́ти молоко́.
Wrong on two counts — a habit needs the imperfective, and you need a finite verb, not an infinitive: Я щодня́ купу́ю молоко́.
✅ Я щодня́ купу́ю молоко́.
I buy milk every day. (купу́ю, from imperfective купува́ти — the habit.)
❌ Я ча́сто взяв таксі́ додо́му.
Mismatched — 'often' is a habit, which needs the imperfective бра́ти: Я ча́сто беру́ таксі́ додо́му.
✅ Я ча́сто беру́ таксі́ додо́му.
I often take a taxi home. (беру́, from imperfective бра́ти.)
❌ Я хо́чу сказа́ти украї́нською щодня́.
For an ongoing skill / habit ('I want to speak Ukrainian'), use the imperfective говори́ти, not the perfective сказа́ти: Я хо́чу говори́ти украї́нською щодня́.
✅ Я хо́чу говори́ти украї́нською щодня́.
I want to speak Ukrainian every day. (говори́ти imperfective, the activity.)
Key Takeaways
- A verb is a pair; learn it as one, imperfective–perfective: чита́ти / прочита́ти.
- Prefix pairs (the biggest group): bare imperfective + a perfectivising prefix — чита́ти/прочита́ти, писа́ти/написа́ти, роби́ти/зроби́ти, пи́ти/ви́пити, ба́чити/поба́чити.
- Suffix pairs: short perfective + a longer imperfective in -ува-/-а- — купи́ти/купува́ти, да́ти/дава́ти, показа́ти/пока́зувати; the longer word is the imperfective.
- Suppletive pairs (pure memory, two roots): бра́ти/взя́ти, каза́ти/сказа́ти, лови́ти/спійма́ти, кла́сти/покла́сти, шука́ти/знайти́.
- Root-vowel pairs: the vowel alternates о/е → и — збира́ти/зібра́ти, помира́ти/поме́рти, почина́ти/поча́ти.
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- Verbal Aspect: The Big PictureA2 — Aspect is the central, pervasive feature of the Ukrainian verb: nearly every verb belongs to an aspect PAIR — imperfective (недоко́наний вид), which views an action as a process, ongoing, repeated, or general (чита́ти), and perfective (доко́наний вид), which views it as a single completed whole with a result or boundary (прочита́ти). The consequences are sharp: imperfectives have a present, a past, and BOTH futures (бу́ду чита́ти / чита́тиму); perfectives have NO present — their present-shaped form is future (прочита́ю = 'I will read it through') — only a past (прочита́в) and a simple future (прочита́ю). Aspect is chosen for EVERY verb in EVERY clause; it is not optional, and it has no English equivalent.
- Forming Aspect Pairs: PrefixesB1 — The most common way to build a perfective is to add a 'pure' perfectivizing prefix to the imperfective: чита́ти→прочита́ти, писа́ти→написа́ти, роби́ти→зроби́ти, ї́сти→з’ї́сти, пи́ти→ви́пити. The frequent perfectivizing prefixes are про-, на-, з-/с-/зі-, по-, ви-, при-. The catch: the SAME prefixes can instead add lexical meaning and make a NEW verb (писа́ти→переписа́ти 'rewrite'), so you must learn to tell aspect-only prefixation from meaning-changing prefixation.
- Forming Aspect Pairs: Suffixes and StemsB1 — The other half of the pairing system: deriving an IMPERFECTIVE from a perfective by suffix, above all the -а-/-ува-/-ову- imperfectivizing suffixes — да́ти→дава́ти, купи́ти→купува́ти, показа́ти→пока́зувати, забу́ти→забува́ти, відкри́ти→відкрива́ти. Plus consonant mutations (зустрі́ти→зустріча́ти), root-vowel alternations (зібра́ти→збира́ти, поме́рти→помира́ти), and the handful of suppletive pairs that must simply be memorised (бра́ти/взя́ти, говори́ти/сказа́ти).
- Secondary Imperfectives and Aspect TripletsB2 — How a prefixed perfective spawns its own imperfective via -ува-/-юва-/-а- (переписа́ти → перепи́сувати), producing aspect 'triplets' (писа́ти → переписа́ти → перепи́сувати) — the engine that keeps every prefixed verb aspectually paired, plus the о/и and е/и root alternations (зібра́ти → збира́ти) that ride along with it.
- Брати / Взяти (to take)A2 — Complete conjugation-and-usage reference for the suppletive aspect pair бра́ти / взя́ти 'to take'. The imperfective бра́ти builds its present on a hidden бер- stem (беру́, бере́ш, бере́…), while the perfective взя́ти supplies a completely different future (візьму́, ві́зьмеш…). Covers the gendered past (брав / брала́ … узя́в / взяла́), both imperfective futures, the imperative (бери́ / візьми́), case government (accusative object), and the high-frequency idioms бра́ти у́часть 'take part' and взя́ти себе́ в ру́ки 'pull oneself together'.
- Говорити (to speak)A1 — Complete conjugation-and-usage reference for говори́ти 'to speak / talk / say' — a second-conjugation verb with the codified MOBILE STRESS that trips up everyone: end-stressed only in the 1sg говорю́, then stem-stressed гово́риш, гово́рить, гово́римо, гово́рите, гово́рять. Covers the gendered past, both imperfective futures, the imperative, the bare-INSTRUMENTAL pattern for 'speak a language' (говори́ти украї́нською), and the three-way split with розмовля́ти 'converse' and каза́ти / сказа́ти 'say'.