If you learn the fifty verbs on this page, you can carry an enormous share of everyday Dutch conversation. They are the workhorses — zijn, hebben, gaan, komen, doen, zien — and a striking number of them are strong or irregular, which is precisely why they need a reference. This is the one-screen lookup: each row gives you the infinitive, its English meaning, the present hij-form (the trickiest present slot, since it carries the -t and any stem re-spelling), the simple past singular, the past participle, the perfect auxiliary (h = hebben, z = zijn, z/h = either depending on motion), and the class (W = weak, S = strong, M = mixed, I = irregular). Read the verbs you don't know yet straight off the table, then drill the strong ones.
The master table
| Infinitive | English | Present (hij) | Past (sg.) | Participle | Aux | Class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zijn | to be | is | was | geweest | z | I |
| hebben | to have | heeft | had | gehad | h | I |
| worden | to become | wordt | werd | geworden | z | S |
| gaan | to go | gaat | ging | gegaan | z | I |
| komen | to come | komt | kwam | gekomen | z | S |
| doen | to do | doet | deed | gedaan | h | I |
| maken | to make | maakt | maakte | gemaakt | h | W |
| zien | to see | ziet | zag | gezien | h | S |
| weten | to know (a fact) | weet | wist | geweten | h | I |
| kunnen | can / be able | kan | kon | gekund | h | I |
| moeten | must / have to | moet | moest | gemoeten | h | I |
| willen | to want | wil | wilde / wou | gewild | h | I |
| mogen | may / be allowed | mag | mocht | gemogen | h | I |
| zullen | shall / will (aux.) | zal | zou | — | — | I |
| zeggen | to say | zegt | zei | gezegd | h | I |
| geven | to give | geeft | gaf | gegeven | h | S |
| nemen | to take | neemt | nam | genomen | h | S |
| vinden | to find / think | vindt | vond | gevonden | h | S |
| denken | to think | denkt | dacht | gedacht | h | M |
| krijgen | to get / receive | krijgt | kreeg | gekregen | h | S |
| staan | to stand | staat | stond | gestaan | h | S |
| zitten | to sit | zit | zat | gezeten | h | S |
| liggen | to lie | ligt | lag | gelegen | h | S |
| lopen | to walk | loopt | liep | gelopen | z/h | S |
| blijven | to stay | blijft | bleef | gebleven | z | S |
| houden | to hold / love | houdt | hield | gehouden | h | S |
| brengen | to bring | brengt | bracht | gebracht | h | M |
| kopen | to buy | koopt | kocht | gekocht | h | M |
| zoeken | to look for | zoekt | zocht | gezocht | h | M |
| vragen | to ask | vraagt | vroeg | gevraagd | h | M |
| eten | to eat | eet | at | gegeten | h | S |
| drinken | to drink | drinkt | dronk | gedronken | h | S |
| slapen | to sleep | slaapt | sliep | geslapen | h | S |
| werken | to work | werkt | werkte | gewerkt | h | W |
| wonen | to live / reside | woont | woonde | gewoond | h | W |
| heten | to be called | heet | heette | geheten | h | W |
| spelen | to play | speelt | speelde | gespeeld | h | W |
| leren | to learn / teach | leert | leerde | geleerd | h | W |
| kijken | to look / watch | kijkt | keek | gekeken | h | S |
| luisteren | to listen | luistert | luisterde | geluisterd | h | W |
| beginnen | to begin | begint | begon | begonnen | z | S |
| gebeuren | to happen | gebeurt | gebeurde | gebeurd | z | W |
| lukken | to succeed | lukt | lukte | gelukt | z | W |
| helpen | to help | helpt | hielp | geholpen | h | S |
| spreken | to speak | spreekt | sprak | gesproken | h | S |
| lezen | to read | leest | las | gelezen | h | S |
| schrijven | to write | schrijft | schreef | geschreven | h | S |
| kennen | to know (be acquainted) | kent | kende | gekend | h | W |
| leven | to be alive / live | leeft | leefde | geleefd | h | W |
| sterven | to die | sterft | stierf | gestorven | z | S |
How to read the trickier columns
The present hij-form is where Dutch spelling rules bite. A doubled vowel in the infinitive shortens to a single one when the syllable closes (maken → hij maakt keeps the long aa, but nemen → hij neemt lengthens to ee); a final -d stem still adds -t (worden → hij wordt, vinden → hij vindt); and a stem already ending in -t takes no second one (weten → hij weet, eten → hij eet, zitten → hij zit).
Hij wordt volgend jaar veertig.
He turns forty next year. — 'wordt' = stem 'word' + -t, a dt-case.
Wat vind jij van het nieuwe plan?
What do you think of the new plan? — vinden also means 'to think/hold an opinion'; note the dropped -t in 'vind jij'.
The auxiliary column matters because Dutch, unlike English, splits the perfect between hebben and zijn. Change-of-state and arrival-at-a-goal verbs take zijn: zijn, worden, gaan, komen, blijven, beginnen, gebeuren, sterven. Motion verbs like lopen and vliegen switch (z/h): zijn with a destination, hebben without.
Wat is er gisteren gebeurd?
What happened yesterday? — gebeuren takes 'zijn': 'is gebeurd'.
Het is me eindelijk gelukt.
I finally managed it. — lukken is impersonal and takes 'zijn'.
We zijn de hele dag thuisgebleven.
We stayed home all day. — blijven takes 'zijn'.
The class column tells you whether you can trust the rules. W (weak) verbs you can rebuild: werken → werkte → gewerkt. S, M, I you must memorise — and notice how many of the top twenty fall into those categories. That imbalance is exactly why a frequency-ordered list is dominated by irregulars.
Ik heb hem gisteren nog gesproken.
I spoke with him just yesterday. — spreken is strong: 'sprak / gesproken'.
Ze hield het cadeau achter haar rug verborgen.
She kept the present hidden behind her back. — houden is strong: 'hield / gehouden'.
What to learn first
Even within these fifty, some pull far more weight than others. A sensible order of attack:
- The two auxiliaries — zijn and hebben. Every perfect tense runs through them, so nothing else works until these are automatic. Note that they are irregular in opposite directions: zijn has was/waren and the zijn-perfect is geweest, while hebben has the tidy had/gehad.
- The modals and zullen — kunnen, moeten, willen, mogen, zullen. They appear in a huge proportion of sentences, they are all irregular, and they trigger the bare-infinitive perfect (IPP). Drill kan/kon, moet/moest, wil/wou, mag/mocht, zal/zou as fixed pairs.
- The high-frequency strong and irregular verbs — gaan, komen, doen, zien, geven, nemen, staan, zitten, liggen. Most are short, all are unpredictable, and you will reach for them constantly. Several (gaan, komen) take zijn.
- The mixed verbs — denken, brengen, kopen, zoeken, vragen. These look like they should be weak but hide a vowel change plus a dental: dacht, bracht, kocht, zocht, vroeg.
The remaining weak verbs — maken, werken, wonen, spelen, leren, luisteren, kennen — you can leave to the rules. Once you know that weak verbs build stem + -te/-de and ge- + stem + -t/-d, you never need to look them up again, which is exactly why a reference table earns its keep on the irregular minority.
Ik moet morgen vroeg op, dus ik ga zo naar bed.
I have to get up early tomorrow, so I'm off to bed soon. — moeten + gaan, two of the highest-priority verbs.
Heb je gezien wat hij voor haar heeft gedaan?
Did you see what he did for her? — zien + doen, both strong/irregular and very frequent.
Common Mistakes
❌ Hij heeft gisteren een nieuwe fiets gekoopt.
Incorrect — kopen is mixed: the participle is 'gekocht', not the weak-looking 'gekoopt'.
✅ Hij heeft gisteren een nieuwe fiets gekocht.
He bought a new bike yesterday. (Regularising a strong/mixed verb is the single most common error.)
❌ Ik heb naar de winkel gegaan.
Incorrect auxiliary — gaan is a motion-to-a-goal verb and takes 'zijn'.
✅ Ik ben naar de winkel gegaan.
I went to the shop. (zijn vs hebben: change-of-state and goal-directed motion take zijn.)
❌ Ze zegde dat ze later zou komen.
Incorrect — zeggen is irregular; the past is 'zei', not 'zegde'.
✅ Ze zei dat ze later zou komen.
She said she'd come later.
Key Takeaways
- The fifty most common verbs are dominated by strong and irregular forms — which is why they reward memorisation more than any other group.
- The present hij-form triggers vowel re-spelling and the dt-rule; check it whenever you're unsure (wordt, vindt, weet, zit).
- The auxiliary is zijn for change-of-state and goal-directed motion (zijn, worden, gaan, komen, blijven, beginnen, gebeuren, lukken, sterven), and hebben for nearly everything else; lopen switches.
- Trust the rules for weak verbs; memorise the S/M/I rows. The two recurring traps are regularising a strong verb and choosing the wrong auxiliary.
Now practice Dutch
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Start learning Dutch→Related Topics
- Verb Reference: How to Use These TablesA2 — A guide to reading the verb-reference pages: what each conjugation table shows (present, simple past, perfect with its auxiliary, participle), how strong/weak/mixed verbs are labelled, why the auxiliary is flagged, and which verbs to master first.
- Strong and Irregular Verbs: Master Reference TableB2 — A single scannable reference table of the most common Dutch strong, irregular, and mixed verbs — infinitive, simple past (singular and plural), past participle, auxiliary, and English — grouped by ablaut pattern so the regularities behind the irregulars become visible.
- Strong Verbs: Vowel Change in the PastB1 — How Dutch strong verbs form the simple past by changing the stem vowel, and how their past participle ends in -en — including the singular/plural vowel split that most resources leave out.
- Hebben or Zijn in the PerfectB1 — Most Dutch verbs build the perfect with hebben, but verbs of change of state or location — and motion verbs once a destination is named — switch to zijn, following a deep telicity logic English has no equivalent for.
- Weten, Kunnen, Mogen — Irregular SummaryA2 — A combined reference for three high-frequency irregular verbs: weten ('to know a fact'), kunnen ('can / be able'), and mogen ('may / be allowed') — full present paradigms, simple past, participles, and the infinitive-instead-of-participle (IPP) construction the two modals use in the perfect.