| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phosphorus is an important element in life because: | all options are true it can be found in hydrophilic components of cell membranes it is a key component of the nucleotide backbone of DNA it is used to form high energy bonds in metabolism |
| Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes are found within | the mitochondrial matrix the cellular cytoplasm the stroma the nucleus |
| Which of these terms is used to describe the process whereby two prokaryotic cells formed an alliance, allowing eukaryotic cells to evolve? | endosymbiosis endosome endocrine symbiosis |
| The original source of all genetic variation is: | mutation sexual reproduction asexual reproduction natural selection |
| Which structures are used by bacteria to propel themselves? | Flagella Fimbriae Nucleiod Peptidoglycan |
| Which statement about the domain Archaea is accurate? | DNA sequence analysis has revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point. No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. |
| The cell walls of fungal cells contain_____. | Chitin Peptidoglycan Lignin Cellulose |
| Which one statement is false? The reaction rate of an enzyme is affected by: | reaction volume inhibitor concentration temperature substrate concentration |
| Which one statement is false? Phospholipids in membranes: | are formed by ionic bonds between glycerol and fatty acids are different in the various organelles of the cell have head groups that are hydrophilic. have fatty acid tails that can be saturated or unsaturated |
| Phenotype refers to: | The physical appearance of an organism The cause of a mutation The genetic make-up of an organism The mutation seen in a disease |
| An allele is: | An alternative form of the same gene The same as a gene A heterozygous genotype A homozygous phenotype |
| Which of one of these genes is associated with familial Alzheimer Disease? | APP CSF1R GAPDH TLR3 |
| The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by: | Hydrogen bonds Phosophodiester bonds Electrical charges Carbon bonds |
| Living organisms defy... | the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| Living things _ to be in a state of disequilibrium with their environment | tend do not tend |
| Which cellular process does not allow the key processes of growth and self-replication? | hormone production metabolism cell division responding to signals in the environment |
| Do living things defy the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | yes no |
| What is this called? living things must have emerged from non-living things if we go far back enough | abiogenesis |
| Did the early earth have oxygen? | no yes |
| What is essential for cellular life as we know it today? | liquid water |
| What are molecules called that can dissolve within water? | hydrophilic |
| What are molecules that repel water called? | hydrophobic |
| What are amino acids the building blocks of? | proteins DNA mRNA cells mitochondria phospholipids |
| Which evolved and contained genetic material first? | RNA DNA |
| What did stromatolites use carbon dioxide to make? | complex carbohydrates/sugars |
| List the key biomolecules in cells | Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids and Carbohydrates |
| The structure of cells allows the ordered flow of genetic information according to what | The Central Dogma |
| List the common features of all cells | nuclear region, cell membrane, cytoplasm |
| what do prokaryotes lack? | a true nuclear region |
| Bacteria and archaea are what? | Prokaryotes Eukaryotes |
| What is the region that contains bacterial DNA called in prokaryotic cells? | the nucleoid region |
| Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles? | no yes |
| size of prokaryotic cells | 1-5 micrometers |
| Where is DNA in eukaryotes? | the nucleus |
| What does the 'division of labour' refer to in eukaryotic cells? | compartmentalisation |
| Which type of cells always have cell walls | prokaryotic eukaryotic |
| size of eukaryotic cells | 10-50 micrometers |
| what is the nucleus enclosed in in eukaryotic cells | nuclear envelope |
| where are chromosomes | the nucleus |
| Chromatin def | the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes |
| What do mammalian cells lack that some other eukaryotic cells have? | Cell wall mitochondria |
| What does the nucleolus contain? | rRNA mRNA tRNA |
| What is rRNA important in? | protein synthesis |
| What is mRNA | temporary copy of a gene |
| What does rRNA stand for | ribosomal RNA |
| What does rRNA help to do? | Form the ribosome structure outside the nucleus |
| What does tRNA do? | decodes the info in rRNA and translates it into amino acid language of proteins |
| Function of ribosomes | to make proteins |
| Where are ribosomes found? | all cells prokaryotes eukaryotes |
| What is cytoplasm made up of? | cytosol and membrane-bound organelles |
| What is cytosol not made up of? | phospholipids water ions nutrients biomolecules proteins protein complexes |
| Key component of cytosol | cytoskeletal proteins |
| What are Actin Microfilaments (in cytosol) important for? | movement and mobility |
| What are Intermediate Filaments (cytosol) important for? | 3D shapes and cellular identity |
| What is this that eukaryotic cells contain: an internal membrane system which is found throughout the cytoplasm and is important is cellular organization and compartmentalization? | Endomembrane Network |
| The Endomembrane Network connects from where to where? | nucleus to plasma membrane |
| What is not included Endomembrane System? | ribosomes nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus lysosomes plasma membrane |
| What is an endomembrane network that connects to the nuclear envelope and consists of a series of folds (cisternae) within the cytoplasm around the nucleus? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Invalid character in entity name Line: 0 Column: 93 Char: | larger microtubules |
| what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum important in? | lipid synthesis |
| What is important for processing and sorting proteins? | Golgi apparatus |
| how do proteins leave the Golgi apparatus? | via vesicles |
| which cell organelle degrades material | lysosome |
| How does the lysosome externally degrade material | endocytosis or phagocytosis |
| how does the lysosome internally degrade material | autophagy |
| What acts as a barrier between the intracellular environment and hydrophilic/water-loving external environment? | the plasma membrane |
| What are a unique lipid species that possess both hydrophobic portions (fatty acid chains/tails) and hydrophilic portions (phospho-linked functional groups/heads) and are therefore termed amphipathic? | phospholipids |
| What does the phospholipid bi-layer do? | gives polarity and forms barriers |
| Are the hydrophobic tails are found in the centre or at either end | centre either end |
| Are the hydrophilic heads found at the centre or at either end | either end centre |
| What do plant, agal and fungal cells all contain? | A cell wall |
| What is this concept called: Some eukaryotic organelles evolved from primate prokaryotes that set-up symbiotic relationships with and were eventually encompassed by early eukaryotic cells? | Endosymbiotic Theory |
| 2 examples of metabolic organelles | mitochondria and chloroplast |
| What do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain? | double-membranes |
| nvagination of the plasma membrane to enclose the nuclear region and form a nucleus was the earliest step in what? | eukaryotic cells evolution |
| is DNA a double-stranded or a single-stranded molecule? | double-stranded single-stranded |
| chromatin replicates to give rise to what? | sister chromatids |
| 2 double-stranded DNA copies are held together by what? | centromere |
| What is the main form of cell division in eukaryotic cells? | Mitosis |
| What is a network of cytoskeleton proteins that form fibers that reach throughout the cell and separate sister chromatids? | Mitotic Spindle |
| What gives polarity and causes the separation of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells? | centrosome |