| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 double-stranded DNA copies are held together by what? | centromere |
| 2 examples of metabolic organelles | mitochondria and chloroplast |
| Are the hydrophilic heads found at the centre or at either end | either end centre |
| Are the hydrophobic tails are found in the centre or at either end | centre either end |
| biology | the study of the organisation, structure and function of living organisms |
| chromatin replicates to give rise to what? | sister chromatids |
| dna is transcribed into what | rna |
| how do proteins leave the Golgi apparatus? | via vesicles |
| How does the lysosome externally degrade material | endocytosis or phagocytosis |
| how does the lysosome internally degrade material | autophagy |
| is DNA a double-stranded or a single-stranded molecule? | double-stranded single-stranded |
| Luca | last universal common ancestor |
| mutation drives _ | variation |
| nvagination of the plasma membrane to enclose the nuclear region and form a nucleus was the earliest step in what? | eukaryotic cells evolution |
| Phosphorus is an important element in life because: | all options are true it can be found in hydrophilic components of cell membranes it is a key component of the nucleotide backbone of DNA it is used to form high energy bonds in metabolism |
| prolonged and intimate relationship between organisms | symbiosis |
| rna is transcribed into _ via _ | protein, ribosomes |
| The Endomembrane Network connects from where to where? | nucleus to plasma membrane |
| tree of life sections | bacteria, archaea, eukaryota |
| variation drives _ | evolution |
| What acts as a barrier between the intracellular environment and hydrophilic/water-loving external environment? | the plasma membrane |
| What are a unique lipid species that possess both hydrophobic portions (fatty acid chains/tails) and hydrophilic portions (phospho-linked functional groups/heads) and are therefore termed amphipathic? | phospholipids |
| What are Intermediate Filaments (cytosol) important for? | 3D shapes and cellular identity |
| Invalid character in entity name Line: 0 Column: 93 Char: | larger microtubules |
| What do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain? | double-membranes |
| What do plant, agal and fungal cells all contain? | A cell wall |
| What does the phospholipid bi-layer do? | gives polarity and forms barriers |
| What gives polarity and causes the separation of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells? | centrosome |
| What is a network of cytoskeleton proteins that form fibers that reach throughout the cell and separate sister chromatids? | Mitotic Spindle |
| What is an endomembrane network that connects to the nuclear envelope and consists of a series of folds (cisternae) within the cytoplasm around the nucleus? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is important for processing and sorting proteins? | Golgi apparatus |
| What is not included Endomembrane System? | ribosomes nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus lysosomes plasma membrane |
| What is the main form of cell division in eukaryotic cells? | Mitosis |
| what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum important in? | lipid synthesis |
| What is this concept called: Some eukaryotic organelles evolved from primate prokaryotes that set-up symbiotic relationships with and were eventually encompassed by early eukaryotic cells? | Endosymbiotic Theory |
| What is this that eukaryotic cells contain: an internal membrane system which is found throughout the cytoplasm and is important is cellular organization and compartmentalization? | Endomembrane Network |
| what is used for phylogenetic analyses | rRNA gene sequences |
| which cell organelle degrades material | lysosome |