Turkish

Besides the informal singular form, Turkish has two different forms of the imperative.
 The second form is used to address multiple persons, and can also be used to formally address a single person,
 for example if the person is your superior, older than you, or a stranger. It consists of the stem plus a suffix,
 which depends on the last vowel in this stem.
 

 
 In total there are three forms to give orders to a person using the imperative form:
 

 <ol>
 <li>The first form is used for addressing a single person informally</li>
 <li>The second form is used for addressing a single person politely or multiple people politely</li>
 <li>The third form is used mainly in official language for addressing a single person or multiple people very politely</li>
 </ol>

 
 The three forms all have their own grammar:
 

 <ol>
 <li>The first form consists of the verb stem</li>
 <li>The second form consists of the verb stem + (y)İn</li>
 <li>The third form consists of the verb stem + (y)İnİz</li>
 </ol>

 
 The İ's are written with capital letters above, because they change depending on the last vowel in the stem:
 

 <table class="ui celled definition table">
 <tbody>
			<tr>
				<td>Last vowel in stem</td>
				<td>i or e</td>
				<td>ı or a</td>
				<td>u or o</td>
				<td>ü or ö</td>
 	</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Suffix</td>
				<td>(y)in / (y)iniz</td>
				<td>(y)ın / (y)ınız</td>
				<td>(y)un / (y)unuz</td>
				<td>(y)ün / (y)ünüz</td>
			</tr>
 	</tbody>
	</table>

 
 The y is between parentheses here, because it is only present in case the stem ends in a vowel.
 It acts as a buffer letter to prevent two vowels ending up next to each other.
 

 Beneath you can see some examples of the three forms:

 <table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
			<tr>
				<th>English</th>
				<th>First form</th>
				<th>Second form</th>
				<th>Third form</th>
			</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<td>Come.</td>
				<td>Gel.</td>
				<td>Gelin.</td>
				<td>Geliniz.</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Buy tea.</td>
				<td>Çay al.</td>
				<td>Çay alın.</td>
				<td>Çay alınız.</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Walk.</td>
				<td>Yürü.</td>
				<td>Yürüyün.</td>
				<td>Yürüyünüz.</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>Read a book.</td>
				<td>(Bir) kitap oku.</td>
				<td>(Bir) kitap okuyun.</td>
				<td>(Bir) kitap okuyunuz.</td>
			</tr>
 	</tbody>
	</table>

 
 The way in which the İ changes between i, ı, u and ü, depending on the preceding vowel, is called the major vowel harmony.
 Major vowel harmony will recur again and again in the Turkish language and might seem difficult at first, but you will quickly learn to use it with ease.

The imperative and major vowel harmony

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Word	kalmak
Meaning	to stay
Part of speech	VERB - intransitive, non-passive, VERB - locative
Pronunciation
Course	Turkish
Lesson	The imperative and major vowel harmony

Goodbye.^{said to the person staying}	Hoşça kal.
Please stay.	Lütfen kalın.Lütfen kalın.
I am staying in a hotel.	(Bir) otelde kalıyorum.(Bir) otelde kalıyorum.
Stay behind me.	(Benim) arkamda kal.(Benim) arkamda kal.
Stay by my side.	(Benim) yanımda kal.(Benim) yanımda kal.
to be late	geç kalmak
From time to time Kamil stays with us.	Arada sırada Kamil bizde kalır.Arada sırada Kamil bizde kalır.
Won't you spend the night in my place?	Gece bende kalmaz mısın?
When their home collapsed in the earthquake, they stayed in the tent.	Depremde evleri çökünce, çadırda kaldılar.

Turkish - kalmak

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Usages of kalmak