Turkish

Now let's learn how to make Turkish nouns plural by adding the suffix ler or lar to the end of the noun.
 Whether we should use ler or lar depends on the last vowel in the noun, as described
 in the table below.
 

 <table class="ui celled table">
 <thead>
			<tr>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use ler</th>
				<th>If the last vowel is</th>
				<th>use lar</th>
			</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
			<tr>
				<td>e</td>
				<td>evler</td>
				<td>a</td>
				<td>haftalar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>i</td>
				<td>kişiler</td>
				<td>ı</td>
				<td>yıllar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ö</td>
				<td>sözler</td>
				<td>o</td>
				<td>yollar</td>
			</tr>
			<tr>
				<td>ü</td>
				<td>günler</td>
				<td>u</td>
				<td>gruplar</td>
			</tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

 
 The vowels at the left are called front vowels, because they are produced in the front of the mouth.
 The vowels at the right are called back vowels, because they are produced in the back of the mouth.
 

 
 This rule where you use an e after a front vowel and an a after a back vowel appears
 in many places in the Turkish language, and is called minor vowel harmony. In case you wonder,
 there is indeed also a major vowel harmony, about which you will learn later.
 

 
 Since we don't always want to write ler or lar, from now on we will write lEr, with a capital E, to mean ler or lar.
 We will use this capital E in all future suffixes in which minor vowel harmony applies, to mean e or a.
 

 
 You will see in next lessons that the use of the plural suffix is often optional, even when we refer to multiple entities.

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Word	kitap
Meaning	book
Part of speech	noun
Pronunciation

Read a book.	(Bir) kitap okuyunuz.
I am reading the book.	Kitabı okuyorum.
The book is on the table.	Kitap masada.
Read a book.	(Bir) kitap oku.
These books are not old.	Bu kitaplar eski değil.
The book is on top of^ÜS the shelf.	Kitap rafın üstünde.
book seller; bookshop	kitapçı
Read a book.	Kitap oku.
Read books.	Kitap oku.
Kemal wrote this book.	Kemal yazdı bu kitabı.
Kemal wrote this book.	Bu kitabı yazdı Kemal.
What are you going to do with so many books?	O kadar kitap ile ne yapacaksın?
I bought the first book.	İlk kitabı aldım.
That book's plot was unsuccessful, the film's was nice though.	O kitabın kurgusu başarısızdı, filminki güzeldi ama.
bookcase, bookshelf, library	kitaplık
We have book club on Tuesdays.	Salıları kitap kulübümüz var.
When the phone rang, I was reading a book.	Telefon çaldığında kitap okuyordum.
(Apparently) Kamil read the book and didn't understand it.	Kamil kitabı okuyup anlamamış.
I could not read the half of the book.	Kitabın yarısını okuyamadım.

Turkish

kitap

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Usages of kitap

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