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Sentences consist of substructures called clauses.
	Clauses are the smallest possible units of language that express a proposition.
	In linguistics, a proposition is a statement expressing something true or false, or expressing an opinion or a question.



	Until now, you have mostly seen sentences consisting of a single clause.
	In this lesson you will be introduced to sentences with two clauses.
	These sentences consist of a matrix clause and an embedded clause, also known as a relative clause.



	The sentence I see the man who is running contains the following clauses:


<table class="ui fixed celled table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>Matrix Clause</th>
 <th>Embedded Clause</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>I see the man who is running</td>
 <td>who is running</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>


	A matrix clause contains an embedded clause.
	In sentences with multiple embedded clauses, an embedded clause can at the same time be a matrix clause if it contains an embedded clause itself.



	The Turkish language has three suffixes for creating embedded clauses: -(y)En, -(y)EcEk and -Dİk.
	In this lesson, you will learn about the suffix -(y)En.



	Whereas in English, the verb in the embedded clause is inflected according to tense and mood, in Turkish it is not.


<table class="ui fixed celled definition table">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th>Complex Sentences</th>
 <th>Matrix Clause</th>
 <th>Embedded Clause</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Present Continuous</td>
 <td>Koşan adamı görüyorum. I see the man who is running.</td>
 <td>koşan who is running</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
			<td>Future</td>
 <td>Koşan adamı göreceğim. I will see the man who will run.</td>
 <td>koşan who will run</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Simple Past Tense</td>
 <td>Koşan adamı gördüm. I saw the man who ran.</td>
 <td>koşan who ran</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>


	In English, the tense of the embedded clause can be different from the tense of the matrix clause.
	For example you can say I will see the man who ran or I saw the man who will run.



	In Turkish, we cannot change the conjugation of the verb in the relative clause.
	Instead, if the tense of the relative clause is not clear from the context,
	in order to convey the tense we use lexical means, i.e. we insert words that convey the tense.



	For example, we can say Dün koşan adamı görüyorum.
	In this sentence, the word dün makes clear that the running happened in the past, even though we are seeing the man now.

Relative Clauses 1: -(y)En

noun

adjective

determiner

verb

adverb

postposition

interjection

conjunction

pronoun

sentence

phrase

Unknown

NOUN - vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, consonant harmony

NOUN - no vowel harmony, no consonant harmony

VERB - intransitive, passive

VERB - intransitive, non-passive

VERB - transitive, non-causative

VERB - transitive, causative

VERB - ablative

VERB - dative

VERB - locative

VERB - accusative

VERB - intransitive, reciprocal

VERB - intransitive, reflexive

VERB - auxiliary

Counting to 10

Fruits

The days of the week

The months of the year

Demonstratives

Adjectives

Vegetables

Animals extended

Hello and goodbye

Colors

First degree family

Nouns and articles

Plural nouns and minor vowel harmony

Personal pronouns

The verb "to be"

There is and there are

The infinitive and the stem

The imperative and major vowel harmony

The present continuous

The locative case suffix

The accusative case suffix

The dative case suffix

Final consonant harmony

Negative verbs

Questions in the present continuous

Questions with the verb "to be"

The imperative

The imperative forms of yemek and demek

Different uses of the present continuous

Irregular verbs

The Turkish alphabet

The indefinite article and the number one

The negative form of "to be"

Question words

Meeting people

Conjunctions

Stress inside questions

Locative location pronouns

Dative and ablative location pronouns

Accusative and locative personal pronouns

The genitive case suffix

Genitive personal pronouns

Extended family

The possession suffix

Dative and ablative personal pronouns

Expressing possession with var and yok

Clothing

The head and related parts

Compound nouns

Body parts

Combining suffixes

Water and the possession suffix

Vowel elimination on suffixation

Location postpositions

Location postpositions 2

Extra vocabulary and expressions

The ablative case suffix

Wearing things

Demonstratives with case suffixes

Counting larger numbers

Using numbers and quantifiers

A bit much and more and less

Animals

Telling time

The instrumentative

The definite simple past

Food

Nuts

Countries

Traffic and directions

The weather

With and without

Nationalities

Question	Answer
The man who is running	koşan adam
I saw the man who is running.	Koşan adamı gördüm.
The girl who is sleeping	uyuyan kız
The girl who is sleeping is very beautiful.	Uyuyan kız çok güzel.
the child who is thinking	düşünen çocuk
The child who is thinking seems unhappy.	Düşünen çocuk mutsuz görünüyor.
to be tired	yorulmak
for hours, for hours on end	saatlerce
the doctor who is working	çalışan doktor
The doctor who has been working for hours got [apparently] tired.	Saatlerce çalışan doktor yorulmuş.

Turkish 158 - Relative Clauses 1: -(y)En

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