| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a linking word meaning 'in spite of that; however' | nevertheless The experiment had several flaws; nevertheless, the results were illuminating. |
| a linking word meaning 'in spite of what has just been said' (formal synonym of however) | nonetheless The evidence was limited; nonetheless, the committee proceeded with the inquiry. |
| a linking word meaning 'although; even though' (used as a conjunction) | albeit The project was completed on time, albeit at a higher cost than expected. |
| a linking word meaning 'in spite of; regardless of' (formal, often legal) | notwithstanding The appeal was denied, notwithstanding the new evidence presented by the defense. |
| a linking word meaning 'in an opposite way; on the other hand' | conversely Urban populations tend to grow rapidly; conversely, rural areas often experience decline. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'without being affected by; no matter what' | irrespective of The policy applies to all employees, irrespective of their seniority or position. |
| a linking word meaning 'despite everything; without concern for' | regardless The team decided to continue with the launch, regardless of the unfavorable conditions. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'despite what has been said; even so' (used to concede a point) | be that as it may The cost is substantial; be that as it may, the long-term benefits justify the investment. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'even accepting that; assuming it is true that' | granted that Granted that the sample size was small, the findings still warrant further investigation. |
| a linking word meaning 'used to concede a point before presenting a counter-argument' | admittedly Admittedly, the initial hypothesis was flawed, but the revised model proved accurate. |
| a linking word meaning 'in an opposite manner; to the contrary' | contrarily Some scholars support the theory; contrarily, others have raised serious objections. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'despite that; nonetheless' (two-word concessive phrase) | even so The data is incomplete; even so, a clear pattern has emerged from the available records. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'although; accepting for the sake of argument' (five-word concessive clause opener) | while it is true that While it is true that emissions have declined, the rate of reduction remains insufficient. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'on second thought; but reconsider' (two-word contrast phrase) | then again The drug showed promising results in trials; then again, long-term side effects remain unknown. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'in spite of what was just mentioned; regardless' (three-word concessive phrase) | all the same The critics were harsh; all the same, the film went on to win several awards. |
| a linking word meaning 'as a result of what has preceded' | consequently The factory violated emission standards; consequently, it was shut down by regulators. |
| a linking word meaning 'for this reason; therefore' (formal) | hence The region lacks rainfall; hence, irrigation is essential for agriculture. |
| a linking word meaning 'in this way; as a result of this' (formal, often mid-sentence) | thus The membrane is semi-permeable, thus allowing only certain molecules to pass through. |
| a linking word meaning 'by that means; as a result of that action' | thereby The new law increased penalties, thereby deterring future offenders. |
| a linking word meaning 'in a way that is appropriate to the circumstances' | accordingly The budget was reduced; accordingly, several programs had to be eliminated. |
| a linking word meaning 'by which; through which' (used in formal clauses) | whereby The university introduced a system whereby students could earn credit for internships. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'because of; due to' (formal) | owing to Owing to the severe weather, all flights were cancelled for the remainder of the day. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'as a result; as an outcome of something' | as a consequence Deforestation has accelerated; as a consequence, many species have lost their habitats. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'to the extent that; in so far as' | insofar as The theory is valid insofar as it applies to closed systems. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'because of; due to' (used before a noun) | on account of The trial was postponed on account of the unavailability of key witnesses. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'this being so; given the circumstances' (introduces a logical result) | this being the case Funding has been drastically cut; this being the case, the research timeline must be extended. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'for that reason; because of the thing mentioned' | for this reason The compound is highly unstable; for this reason, it must be stored at low temperatures. |
| a linking word meaning 'in addition; besides' (adds a stronger point) | furthermore The study found a clear correlation; furthermore, it identified a possible causal mechanism. |
| a linking word meaning 'as a further matter; besides that' (introduces additional important information) | moreover The drug was effective in reducing symptoms; moreover, it had fewer side effects than existing treatments. |
| a linking word meaning 'in the same way; also' (draws a parallel) | likewise Increased taxation stifled growth in the north; likewise, the southern provinces saw an economic slowdown. |
| a linking word meaning 'in a like manner; in the same way as' | similarly Mammals regulate their body temperature internally; similarly, birds maintain a constant core temperature. |
| a linking word meaning 'in a way that matches or agrees with something else' | correspondingly As demand increased, prices rose correspondingly throughout the quarter. |
| a linking word meaning 'in fact; used to emphasise a statement or add emphasis' | indeed The results were surprising; indeed, they challenged decades of established theory. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'combined with; together with' (adds to an existing point) | coupled with Rising inflation, coupled with stagnant wages, has reduced consumer purchasing power. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'in addition to what has been mentioned; also' (informal but common in academic speech) | on top of that The grant covers tuition fees; on top of that, it provides a monthly living stipend. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'additionally and with greater emphasis; to strengthen a point' | what is more The treatment was cost-effective; what is more, patient satisfaction rates were exceptionally high. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'besides; in addition to the above' (three-word additive phrase) | apart from this The study had a robust methodology; apart from this, its large sample size added credibility. |
| a linking word meaning 'after that; following the event just mentioned' | subsequently The researcher collected the data and subsequently published the findings in a peer-reviewed journal. |
| a linking word meaning 'after that time; from then on' (formal) | thereafter The treaty was signed in 1648; thereafter, a period of relative peace ensued. |
| a linking word meaning 'from this time on; from now forward' | henceforth The board announced that, henceforth, all meetings would be open to the public. |
| a linking word meaning 'until now; before this time' (archaic/formal) | hitherto The discovery revealed a species hitherto unknown to science. |
| a linking word meaning 'during the intervening time; at the same time as something else' | meanwhile The clinical trials continued for two more years; meanwhile, the company sought regulatory approval. |
| a linking word meaning 'at the same time; happening concurrently' | simultaneously The researchers monitored brain activity and heart rate simultaneously during the experiment. |
| a linking word meaning 'in earlier times; previously; in the past' | formerly The building, formerly a textile mill, has been converted into a museum. |
| a linking word meaning 'at the beginning; at first' | initially The proposal was initially rejected, but it was later approved after significant revisions. |
| a linking word meaning 'in the end; finally; as the last in a series of events' | ultimately After years of negotiation, the two nations ultimately reached a comprehensive trade agreement. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'only if; on the condition that' | provided that The scholarship will be renewed, provided that the student maintains a minimum GPA of 3.5. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'with the requirement that; only if (something is true)' | on condition that The data was shared with the research team on condition that confidentiality would be maintained. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'instead of; as a substitute for' (formal) | in lieu of The company offered stock options in lieu of a traditional salary increase. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'if that does not succeed; if the first option does not work' | failing that Applicants should submit documents by email; failing that, postal submissions will be accepted. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'if that happens; should that situation arise' | in that event The reactor could overheat; in that event, the automatic shutdown system would activate immediately. |
| a linking word meaning 'it may be argued that; as one could make a case for' | arguably This is arguably the most significant archaeological find of the century. |
| a linking word meaning 'it is reasonable to suppose; probably' | presumably The artifact is over a thousand years old, presumably dating to the early medieval period. |
| a linking word meaning 'apparently; seemingly (but perhaps not actually)' | ostensibly The program was ostensibly designed to reduce poverty, but critics argued it primarily benefited corporations. |
| a linking word meaning 'as is certain to happen; unavoidably' | inevitably As populations grow, demand for clean water will inevitably increase. |
| a linking word meaning 'in a way that seems contradictory or self-opposing' | paradoxically Paradoxically, the more choices consumers have, the less satisfied they tend to be. |
| a linking word meaning 'by the way; as a side remark' | incidentally The study focused on urban migration; incidentally, it also uncovered data about rural health disparities. |
| a linking word meaning 'without any doubt; certainly' | undoubtedly Climate change is undoubtedly one of the defining challenges of the twenty-first century. |
| a linking word meaning 'at the most basic level; fundamentally' | essentially The two theories differ in terminology but are essentially making the same argument. |
| a linking word meaning 'mainly; for the most part' | predominantly The workforce in this sector is predominantly composed of skilled engineers and technicians. |
| a linking word meaning 'above all; chiefly; as the main focus' | primarily The initiative was designed primarily to address literacy gaps in underserved communities. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'regarding; concerning; in relation to' | with respect to With respect to funding, the committee has approved an additional allocation for the coming year. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'relating to; having to do with' (formal) | pertaining to All documents pertaining to the merger must be submitted before the deadline. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'in relation to; compared with; regarding' (borrowed from French) | vis-a-vis The report examines the country's position vis-a-vis its major trading partners. |
| a linking phrase meaning 'with the aim of; in order to achieve' | with a view to The government introduced tax incentives with a view to stimulating foreign investment. |
| a linking word meaning 'separately and in the order mentioned' | respectively The first and second groups scored 85% and 72%, respectively, on the final assessment. |
| a discourse marker used by a lecturer to signal they will provide more detail about a topic | let me elaborate on that The professor said, "This reaction is exothermic — let me elaborate on that for a moment." |
| a discourse marker used to highlight the most important point of a discussion | the key takeaway here is After reviewing the data, the lecturer concluded: "The key takeaway here is that early intervention matters." |
| a discourse marker used to rephrase or simplify an idea for clarity | to put it another way The concept is complex — to put it another way, think of the cell as a tiny factory. |
| a discourse marker used to draw attention to a central point or argument | what I want to emphasise is What I want to emphasise is that correlation does not imply causation. |
| a discourse marker used to refer back to a point made earlier in the lecture | as I alluded to earlier As I alluded to earlier, the second law of thermodynamics places limits on efficiency. |
| a discourse marker used to connect the current point to a previous topic | this ties back to This ties back to our earlier discussion about supply chains and global interdependence. |
| a discourse marker meaning 'the final result or consequence of this is' | the upshot of this is The upshot of this is that smaller firms cannot compete without government subsidies. |
| a discourse marker used to provide a short summary of what has been discussed | to recap briefly To recap briefly, we have covered three main theories of language acquisition today. |
| a discourse marker meaning 'the central or most important point of the issue' | the crux of the matter is The crux of the matter is whether renewable energy can scale fast enough to meet global demand. |
| a discourse marker meaning 'keeping this in mind; with this consideration' | bearing this in mind Bearing this in mind, we should examine the ethical implications before proceeding. |
| a discourse marker meaning 'with the preceding caveat acknowledged; despite the above' | having said that The model has limitations; having said that, it remains the best predictor available to us. |
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