Subject-bound possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

In English, "Lars is trimming his hedge" is ambiguous: is it his own hedge, or another man's? Swedish eliminates this confusion using the reflexive possessives sin, sitt, and sina.

The Subject Rule

Whenever a third-person subject (he, she, it, they) owns an object in the same clause, use a reflexive possessive to mean "his own," "her own," "its own," or "their own." For en words, use sin.

Lars trims his hedge.
Lars klipper sin häck.

Contrast: His Own vs. Someone Else's

If you use standard third-person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras) for an object, they cannot refer to the subject. They always mean someone else. Notice how sin points back to the subject's own property, while hans and hennes point to the neighbor's:

The woman puts her lawnmower on his driveway.
Kvinnan ställer sin gräsklippare på hans uppfart.
He uses his lawnmower and encroaches on her yard.
Han använder sin gräsklippare och inkräktar på hennes tomt.

Agreement: Sitt and Sina

The reflexive pronoun must agree in gender and number with the noun being owned, not the owner. Use sin for en words, sitt for ett words, and sina for plurals.

The neighbor does not need to show his building permit for the woman's fence.
Grannen behöver inte visa sitt bygglov för kvinnans staket.
The tree drops its branches on the neighbor's property.
Trädet tappar sina grenar på grannens egendom.