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Spanish (Spain)

### **Quien** = whoever

**Quien** can stand with no noun before it and mean *whoever* or *the person who*; the plural is **quienes**. When you don't know who it will be, the verb after it goes into the subjunctive. **El que / la que / los que** work the same way, and **aquellos que** is the more formal choice.

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The second half, **que venga**, is the *let them…* order you already know.

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### **A quien**, **para quien**…

A preposition can go right before **quien**, with the same meaning.

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Notice the **se**: **a quien** is the person who gets it, so **se lo** comes first.

### Subjunctive or indicative?

| subjunctive: whoever it may be | indicative: particular people |
|---|---|
| Quien **termine** primero puede irse. | Quien **tiene** razón es tu madre. |
| Los que **quieran** venir… | Los que **vinieron** ayer… |

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### Something to do: **nada que hacer**

After **nada, algo, alguien, nadie** or a noun, a relative + infinitive says *something to do*, *someone to talk to*, *a flat to live in*: **que hacer**, **con quien hablar**, **donde vivir**. This works only without commas.

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### Common mistakes

- *Quien quiere venir mañana, que venga* → **Quien quiera venir**: nobody knows yet who it will be.
- *Necesito alguien con quien hablar* → **Necesito a alguien**: **alguien** is a person, so it takes **a**.

Whoever, and things to do (quien quiera, nada que hacer)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
Whoever wants to come, let them come.	Quien quiera venir, que venga.
You can invite whoever you want.	Puedes invitar a quien quieras.
Those who arrive late will not be able to come in.	Quienes lleguen tarde no podrán entrar.
I will give it to whoever needs it.	Se lo daré a quien lo necesite.
Whoever finishes first can go home.	Quien termine primero puede irse a casa.
Whoever doesn't agree, let them say it now.	El que no esté de acuerdo, que lo diga ahora.
Those who want to come have to let us know.	Aquellos que quieran venir tienen que avisarnos.
The one who is right is your mother.	Quien tiene razón es tu madre.
The ones who came yesterday were my parents.	Los que vinieron ayer eran mis padres.
This weekend I have nothing to do.	Este fin de semana no tengo nada que hacer.
I need someone to talk to.	Necesito a alguien con quien hablar.
There is nothing to eat in the fridge.	No hay nada que comer en la nevera.
We are looking for a flat to live in.	Buscamos un piso donde vivir.
We have no time to lose.	No tenemos tiempo que perder.

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