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Spanish (Spain)

### There is, there are: **hay**

To say that something exists somewhere, Spanish uses one short word: **hay**. It means both *there is* and *there are*, so it never changes, whatever follows it.

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After **hay** you use **un**, **una**, **unos**, **unas**, or no article at all — never *el* or *la*.

### Questions and negatives

Ask with **¿Hay…?** and answer with **no hay**. In the negative the article usually disappears.

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### **Hay** or **estar**?

Both translate as *there is* or *is* in English, but they answer different questions.

| verb | it answers | article | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| **hay** | *Is there one? What is there?* | un / una / none | Hay una ducha en el piso. |
| **estar** | *Where is it?* (you know which one) | el / la | ¿Dónde está la ducha? |

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### Things at home

**La habitación** is any room of the house. **El sofá** is the sofa and **el sillón** an armchair for one person. Clothes go in **el armario** (the wardrobe) and books on **la estantería** (the shelves). In the bathroom you find **la ducha** (the shower) and **el lavabo** (the washbasin). And when you don't know the word, **la cosa** — *the thing* — always works.

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**Sobre** means *on* (on top of) and also *about* (a topic):

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There is, there are (hay)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
there is / there are	hay
Is there a hotel in the village?	¿Hay un hotel en el pueblo?
Today there are no students at the school.	Hoy no hay estudiantes en la escuela.
the thing	la cosa
There is a thing on the table.	Hay una cosa en la mesa.
It is a very small thing.	Es una cosa muy pequeña.
the room	la habitación
In the flat there is a big room.	En el piso hay una habitación grande.
the wardrobe; the cupboard	el armario
Is there a wardrobe in the room?	¿Hay un armario en la habitación?
No, there is no wardrobe.	No, no hay armario.
What is there in the wardrobe?	¿Qué hay en el armario?
In the wardrobe there is a black handbag.	En el armario hay un bolso negro.
the sofa	el sofá
There is a sofa in the house.	Hay un sofá en la casa.
There is a cat on the sofa.	Hay un gato en el sofá.
the armchair	el sillón
The sofa is here and the armchair is there.	El sofá está aquí y el sillón está allí.
The armchair is old, but it is very pretty.	El sillón es viejo, pero es muy bonito.
the shelves	la estantería
There are some books on the shelves.	Hay unos libros en la estantería.
The shelves are white and new.	La estantería es blanca y nueva.
the shower	la ducha
There is a shower in the flat.	Hay una ducha en el piso.
Where is the shower?	¿Dónde está la ducha?
There is no water in the shower.	No hay agua en la ducha.
the washbasin; the toilets (in a bar, a restaurant)	el lavabo
There is a small washbasin in the room.	Hay un lavabo pequeño en la habitación.
The washbasin is dirty.	El lavabo está sucio.
on / about	sobre
There is a book on the table.	Hay un libro sobre la mesa.
The key is on the chair.	La llave está sobre la silla.
The book about animals is new.	El libro sobre los animales es nuevo.
Is there a toilet in the bar?	¿Hay lavabo en el bar?
Excuse me, where are the toilets?	Perdone, ¿dónde están los lavabos?

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