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Spanish (Spain)

### Leaving out the noun

When it is clear what you are talking about, Spanish drops the noun and keeps its article. English says *the red one*; Spanish just says **el rojo**. The article and any adjective agree with the noun you left out: **el** coche → **el rojo**, **la** camisa → **la azul**, **los** zapatos → **los negros**.

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| article + | example | English |
|---|---|---|
| adjective | **el rojo**, **la azul** | the red one, the blue one |
| **de** + noun | **la de madera**, **el de mi hermano** | the wooden one, my brother's |
| **que** + verb | **el que compré**, **la que está aquí** | the one I bought, the one that is here |

### **El de**, **la de**

**De** + a noun says what it is made of, whose it is, or which one: English *my brother's* is **el de mi hermano**.

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### **El que**, **la que**

With a whole verb, use **el que**, **la que**, **los que**, **las que**. For a particular one you know, the verb is in the indicative; when it can be any one, use the subjunctive: **la que compraste** but **el que quieras**.

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### Comparing

This is how you compare two things of the same kind without repeating the noun.

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### Common mistakes

- *el rojo uno* → **el rojo**: Spanish has no word for *one* here.
- *¿La camisa? El blanco.* → **La blanca**: keep the gender of the noun you dropped.

The one (el rojo, la de madera, el que quieras)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
Which car do you prefer? The red one.	¿Qué coche prefieres? El rojo.
Do you like the white shirt or the blue one better?	¿Te gusta más la camisa blanca o la azul?
I don't want the black shoes; I want the brown ones.	No quiero los zapatos negros; quiero los marrones.
The small rooms are cheaper than the big ones.	Las habitaciones pequeñas son más baratas que las grandes.
Which one is your house? The white one.	¿Cuál es tu casa? La blanca.
Which table shall we buy? The wooden one?	¿Qué mesa compramos? ¿La de madera?
This mobile phone is not mine, it is my brother's.	Este móvil no es mío, es el de mi hermano.
My car is faster than my father's.	Mi coche es más rápido que el de mi padre.
Which train shall we take? The eight o'clock one?	¿Qué tren cogemos? ¿El de las ocho?
This year's photos are better than last year's.	Las fotos de este año son mejores que las del año pasado.
Which one is your bag? The one that is on the chair.	¿Cuál es tu bolso? El que está en la silla.
Who is your brother? The one who wears glasses.	¿Quién es tu hermano? El que lleva gafas.
I don't like this jacket; I prefer the one you bought yesterday.	No me gusta esta chaqueta; prefiero la que compraste ayer.
There are lots of cakes. Take whichever one you want.	Hay muchos pasteles. Coge el que quieras.
Of all these t-shirts, choose the one you like best.	De todas estas camisetas, elige la que más te guste.
This flat is nicer than the one we saw yesterday.	Este piso es más bonito que el que vimos ayer.

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