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Spanish (Spain)

### Look Up at the Sky

When you step outside, the first thing you might notice is **el cielo** (the sky). Depending on the time of day, you can look for **las nubes** (the clouds), **la luna** (the moon), or **las estrellas** (the stars).

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### Landscapes and Paths

As you explore the outdoors, you might come across a body of water like **el lago** (the lake) or follow **el camino** (the path) to see where it leads.

To say you are walking *along* a path, Spanish uses the preposition **por**. You might also use the verb **bajar** (to go down) when a path descends into **un valle** (a valley).

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### Down on the Ground

Take a closer look at your surroundings to spot **la hierba** (the grass), **la piedra** (the stone), and **la hoja** (the leaf).

When describing what a building or object is made of, use the preposition **de** (of). For example, **de piedra** means "made of stone".

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The Natural World

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
the sky	el cielo
The sky is very blue today!	¡El cielo está muy azul hoy!
the star	la estrella
I like stars.	Me gustan las estrellas.
the moon	la luna
The girl is going to see the moon and the stars.	La chica va a ver la luna y las estrellas.
Do you see the moon in the sky?	¿Ves la luna en el cielo?
the cloud	la nube
There is a cloud in the sky.	Hay una nube en el cielo.
My father does not like clouds.	A mi padre no le gustan las nubes.
the lake	el lago
My sister is going to swim in the lake.	Mi hermana va a nadar en el lago.
Do you like lakes?	¿Te gustan los lagos?
the path	el camino
I am going to walk along a new path.	Voy a caminar por un camino nuevo.
the valley	el valle
The path goes down to the valley.	El camino baja al valle.
We like green valleys.	Nos gustan los valles verdes.
The town is in a beautiful valley.	El pueblo está en un valle bonito.
the grass	la hierba
Are you going to rest on the grass?	¿Vas a descansar en la hierba?
The dog runs on the grass.	El perro corre por la hierba.
the stone	la piedra
The boy has a stone in his hand.	El niño tiene una piedra en la mano.
The house is made of stone.	La casa es de piedra.
the leaf	la hoja
The tree has yellow leaves.	El árbol tiene hojas amarillas.
The bird is looking for a green leaf.	El pájaro busca una hoja verde.
the plant	la planta
Plants need water and sun.	Las plantas necesitan agua y sol.
There are many green plants in the valley.	Hay muchas plantas verdes en el valle.

Contributors