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Spanish (Spain)

### Thank you

**Gracias** is thank you; **muchas gracias** is thank you very much (*muchas* because *gracias* is feminine plural). The reply is **de nada** (you're welcome — literally *of nothing*).

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### Please

**Por favor** goes at the start or the end of a request. Spaniards use it less than English speakers use *please*, and a friendly tone does much of its work.

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### Sorry

**Lo siento** (I'm sorry) apologises for something, or sympathises: *lo siento mucho* is *I'm very sorry*.

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### Excuse me

To get someone's attention — to ask the way, for example — say **perdona** to a friend or a young person and **perdone** to a stranger you would call *usted*. **Perdón** is a quick *sorry* or *pardon?*.

| to | say |
|---|---|
| a friend (tú) | **perdona** |
| a stranger (usted) | **perdone** |
| anyone, quickly | **perdón** |

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### OK and of course

**Vale** is the Spanish *OK* — you will hear it in every conversation in Spain, to agree, to confirm a plan, or as a question tag (*¿vale?* = OK?). Latin America uses other words; in Spain it is *vale*. **De acuerdo** is a slightly more formal *agreed*. **Claro** means *of course* or *sure*, and **entonces** (*then, so*) moves a conversation on.

| you hear | you answer |
|---|---|
| *Estudiamos ahora, ¿vale?* | **Vale.** |
| *¿Estás bien?* | **¡Claro!** |
| *Gracias.* | **De nada.** |

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Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
thank you / thanks	gracias
Thank you very much, teacher.	Muchas gracias, profesor.
A juice, please.	Un zumo, por favor.
Milk? Yes, please.	¿Leche? Sí, por favor.
you're welcome	de nada
Thank you. You're welcome.	Gracias. De nada.
You're welcome, friend.	De nada, amigo.
I'm sorry	lo siento
I'm sorry, I don't speak English.	Lo siento, no hablo inglés.
I'm very sorry.	Lo siento mucho.
OK / all right	vale
We study now, OK? OK.	Estudiamos ahora, ¿vale? Vale.
OK, thanks.	Vale, gracias.
of course / sure	claro
Are you OK? Of course!	¿Estás bien? ¡Claro!
Sure! It is very easy.	¡Claro! Es muy fácil.
agreed / all right	de acuerdo
Shall we eat here? All right.	¿Comemos aquí? De acuerdo.
Agreed, thanks.	De acuerdo, gracias.
excuse me (to a friend)	perdona
Excuse me, where is the bank?	Perdona, ¿dónde está el banco?
Excuse me, do you speak English?	Perdona, ¿hablas inglés?
excuse me (formal)	perdone
Excuse me, where is the hotel?	Perdone, ¿dónde está el hotel?
Excuse me, is the museum here?	Perdone, ¿el museo está aquí?
sorry / pardon	perdón
Sorry! I am very sorry.	¡Perdón! Lo siento mucho.
Pardon me, I don't speak English.	Perdón, no hablo inglés.
then / so	entonces
So, shall we eat now?	Entonces, ¿comemos ahora?
You are not well? Then are you sick?	¿No estás bien? Entonces, ¿estás enfermo?

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