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Spanish (Spain)

### Subjunctive spelling changes to preserve sound

When we conjugate verbs in the present subjunctive, the endings swap: `-ar` verbs take endings starting with **e**, while `-er` and `-ir` verbs take endings starting with **a**. 

For some verbs, this vowel swap would change their pronunciation. To keep the original consonant sound of the infinitive, we change the spelling of the stem. **These spelling changes happen in all forms** (including *nosotros* and *vosotros*).

### Verbs ending in -zar (z -> c)

In Spanish, the letter **z** is rarely followed by an **e**. To keep the same sound when adding the subjunctive `-ar` endings, verbs like **alcanzar** (to reach) and **rechazar** (to reject) change the **z** to a **c** (e.g., *alcance*, *alcancemos*).

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### Verbs ending in -gar (g -> gu)

If we just added an **e** to a verb like **castigar** (to punish), it would be spelled *castige* and pronounced with a raspy "h" sound. To keep the hard "g" sound, we change the **g** to **gu** (e.g., *castigue*, *castiguemos*).

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### Verbs ending in -car (c -> qu)

A **c** followed by an **e** makes a "th" or "s" sound. To keep the hard "k" sound of verbs like **justificar** (to justify) and **criticar** (to criticize), the **c** changes to **qu** (e.g., *justifique*, *justifiquemos*).

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### Verbs ending in -ger and -gir (g -> j)

For `-er` and `-ir` verbs, the subjunctive endings start with **a**. A **g** followed by an **a** makes a hard "g" sound. To keep the raspy "h" sound of verbs like **dirigir** (to manage) and **fingir** (to pretend), the **g** changes to a **j** (e.g., *dirija*, *dirijamos*).

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Subjunctive spelling changes (-car, -gar, -zar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
to hope	esperar
to reach	alcanzar
I hope she reaches the box.	Espero que ella alcance la caja.
I hope you reach your goal soon.	Ojalá que alcances tu objetivo pronto.
to punish	castigar
It is unfair for the teacher to punish you for that.	Es injusto que el profesor te castigue por eso.
I do not want them to punish the boys, nor the girls either.	No quiero que castiguen a los niños, ni a las niñas tampoco.
to justify	justificar
I doubt that he will justify it to me.	Dudo que él me lo justifique.
It is necessary that you guys justify the expense.	Es necesario que justifiquéis el gasto.
to manage (to direct, run)	dirigir
I hope she manages the company this year.	Ojalá que ella dirija la empresa este año.
They are looking for someone who manages the department.	Buscan a alguien que dirija el departamento.
to pretend	fingir
She keeps pretending that she knows nothing.	Ella sigue fingiendo que no sabe nada.
I do not like that you pretend to be sick.	No me gusta que finjas estar enfermo.
to criticize	criticar
It is logical that people criticize the project.	Es lógico que la gente critique el proyecto.
Please, do not criticize it!	Por favor, ¡no lo critiques!
to force	obligar
I do not want my boss to force me to work late.	No quiero que mi jefa me obligue a trabajar tarde.
It is absurd that they force us to use the helmet.	Es absurdo que nos obliguen a usar el casco.
to reject	rechazar
I fear that the manager will reject the offer.	Temo que el gerente rechace la oferta.
I hope you do not reject my invitation.	Ojalá no rechaces mi invitación.
to guarantee	garantizar
I need the lawyer to guarantee it to us.	Necesito que el abogado nos lo garantice.
There is nothing that guarantees success.	No hay nada que garantice el éxito.
to provoke / to cause	provocar
It is possible that the storm will cause a disaster.	Es posible que la tormenta provoque un desastre.
We hope that this does not provoke an argument.	Esperamos que esto no provoque una discusión.