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Spanish (Spain)

In Spanish, the **subjunctive** is a verb mood used to express things like wishes, doubts, emotions, and hypothetical situations, rather than objective facts.

One of the most common ways to trigger the subjunctive is with the word *ojalá*.

{{item:1195633}}

*Ojalá* expresses a strong hope or desire, translating closely to "hopefully" or "I hope (that)." Because it expresses a wish rather than stating a fact, it is almost always followed by the subjunctive.

### Forming the regular present subjunctive

To form the regular present subjunctive, take the *yo* form of the present tense, drop the final *-o*, and add the "opposite" endings. 

- For **-ar** verbs, use endings with **e**.
- For **-er** and **-ir** verbs, use endings with **a**.

| Pronoun | -ar verbs (e.g., empeorar) | -er verbs (e.g., suceder) | -ir verbs (e.g., existir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | empeor**e** | suced**a** | exist**a** |
| tú | empeor**es** | suced**as** | exist**as** |
| él/ella/usted | empeor**e** | suced**a** | exist**a** |
| nosotros/as | empeor**emos** | suced**amos** | exist**amos** |
| vosotros/as | empeor**éis** | suced**áis** | exist**áis** |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | empeor**en** | suced**an** | exist**an** |

### Examples with -ar verbs

Notice how regular *-ar* verbs like *aceptar*, *empeorar*, and *cenar* swap their usual *a* vowels for *e* vowels in the subjunctive.

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### Examples with -er verbs

Regular *-er* verbs like *aprender* and *suceder* swap their usual *e* vowels for *a* vowels.

{{item:1195637}}

{{item:1195641}}

### Examples with -ir verbs

Regular *-ir* verbs share the exact same subjunctive endings as *-er* verbs. Verbs like *descubrir*, *existir*, and *recibir* all take *a* endings.

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Regular present subjunctive

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
hopefully / I hope (that)	ojalá
the raise; the increase, the rise	el aumento
I hope the boss accepts the raise!	¡Ojalá la jefa acepte el aumento!
the conflict	el conflicto
I hope we learn from this conflict!	¡Ojalá aprendamos de este conflicto!
I hope the doctor discovers the treatment!	¡Ojalá la médica descubra el tratamiento!
to happen	suceder
the miracle	el milagro
I hope a miracle happens today!	¡Ojalá suceda un milagro hoy!
I hope the meeting ends early!	¡Ojalá la reunión termine temprano!
the justice	la justicia
the society	la sociedad
I hope justice exists in this society!	¡Ojalá exista la justicia en esta sociedad!
to get worse	empeorar
I hope the conflict does not get worse!	¡Ojalá el conflicto no empeore!
I hope you receive the raise this year!	¡Ojalá recibas el aumento este año!
I hope you have dinner with us today!	¡Ojalá cenes con nosotros hoy!
I hope you answer the email soon!	¡Ojalá contestes el correo electrónico pronto!
I hope you buy the tickets tomorrow!	¡Ojalá compres los billetes mañana!
I hope a miracle happens and the conflict does not worsen!	¡Ojalá suceda un milagro y el conflicto no empeore!
I hope the judge achieves justice for society!	¡Ojalá el juez logre la justicia para la sociedad!
the solution	la solución
the progress	el progreso
I hope the scientist discovers a solution for progress!	¡Ojalá la científica descubra una solución para el progreso!
I hope this progress creates a definitive solution!	¡Ojalá este progreso cree una solución definitiva!
Hopefully the rise in prices will end soon.	Ojalá el aumento de los precios termine pronto.
In summer there is a big increase in tourists.	En verano hay un gran aumento de turistas.

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