Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Spanish (Spain)

### Who's who

| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| **el diputado, la diputada** | member of parliament |
| **la oposición** | the opposition |
| **las oposiciones** | civil-service exams |
| **la inmigración** | immigration |
| **regional** | regional |
| **occidental** | western |

The members of Spain's lower house, **el Congreso**, are **diputados**:

{{item:1254202}}

Like other classifying adjectives, **regional** and **occidental** usually follow the noun:

{{item:1254222}}

### One word, two worlds

In the singular, **la oposición** usually means the parties against the government:

{{item:1254206}}

In the plural, **las oposiciones** are usually the competitive exams for a public job: teacher, judge, civil servant. People study for them for years, and a pass usually means a job for life:

{{item:1254208}}

### Setting people against each other

You know **enfrentarse a**: to face something yourself. **Enfrentar** without **se** can mean that too (**enfrentar una crisis**), though in Spain **enfrentarse a** or **afrontar** is more usual for it. Its other use is the one drilled here: it sets people against each other, and takes them as its direct object, with personal **a**:

{{item:1254214}}

{{item:1254215}}

**El odio** is the noun of **odiar**:

{{item:1254217}}

Parliament and immigration (el diputado, la oposición)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the member of parliament (MP)	el diputado
There are three hundred and fifty MPs in Congress.	En el Congreso hay trescientos cincuenta diputados.
My aunt has been an MP for ten years.	Mi tía es diputada desde hace diez años.
The MPs are voting on the new law today.	Los diputados votan hoy la nueva ley.
the opposition (politics); in the plural, the civil-service exams	la oposición
The opposition has voted against the law.	La oposición ha votado contra la ley.
The opposition spokesperson has criticized the government.	El portavoz de la oposición ha criticado al Gobierno.
My sister is studying for civil-service exams to become a teacher.	Mi hermana está preparando oposiciones para ser profesora.
He passed the civil-service exams and now he's a civil servant.	Aprobó las oposiciones y ahora es funcionario.
immigration	la inmigración
Immigration is an important topic in these elections.	La inmigración es un tema importante en estas elecciones.
Without immigration, the population would be much older.	Sin la inmigración, la población sería mucho más vieja.
to set against each other, to pit against	enfrentar
Grandfather's money set the two sisters against each other.	El dinero del abuelo enfrentó a las dos hermanas.
Immigration pits the government against the opposition.	La inmigración enfrenta al Gobierno y a la oposición.
the hatred	el odio
There's too much hatred on social media.	Hay demasiado odio en las redes sociales.
The hatred between the two sisters lasted years.	El odio entre las dos hermanas duró años.
The MP spoke against hate speech.	El diputado habló contra el discurso de odio.
regional (of a region)	regional
The regional government has passed the law.	El gobierno regional ha aprobado la ley.
We took the regional train because it was cheaper.	Cogimos el tren regional porque era más barato.
western (of the West)	occidental
Western society has changed a lot.	La sociedad occidental ha cambiado mucho.
Western medicine doesn't explain everything.	La medicina occidental no lo explica todo.

Contributors