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Spanish (Spain)

### Nouns with a Fixed Gender

Most Spanish nouns referring to people change gender to match the person (like *el profesor* and *la profesora*). However, epicene nouns (*sustantivos epicenos*) have a fixed grammatical gender, regardless of the person's biological sex.

For instance, words like **la víctima** (the victim) and **la persona** (the person) are always feminine, even when referring to a male.

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### Masculine Fixed-Gender Nouns

Likewise, words like **el bebé** (the baby), **el individuo** (the individual), and **el sujeto** (the subject) are always masculine, even when referring to a female.

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### Strict Adjective Agreement

Because the noun's gender is fixed, it dictates the grammar for the rest of the sentence. Adjectives and pronouns must strictly agree with the noun's *grammatical* gender, not the biological sex of the person. 

If a man is the victim of a collapse, he is described with feminine adjectives to match **la víctima**. If a woman is a dangerous subject, she takes masculine adjectives to match **el sujeto**.

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Nouns with fixed gender (la víctima, el bebé)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
to locate	localizar
the collapse	el derrumbe
We located the victim after the collapse. He was very scared.	Localizamos a la víctima después del derrumbe. Estaba muy asustada.
the operation (police, military)	el operativo
heroic	heroico
What a heroic operation! The boy was the rescued person.	¡Qué operativo tan heroico! El niño fue la persona rescatada.
the assistance	el auxilio
to assist (to aid, rescue)	auxiliar
The baby needs assistance. We have to assist her.	El bebé necesita auxilio. Tenemos que auxiliarlo.
the disaster (accident, casualty)	el siniestro
the individual	el individuo
During the disaster we saw a very calm individual. It was Marta.	Durante el siniestro vimos a un individuo muy tranquilo. Era Marta.
the subject (grammar, person)	el sujeto
the patrol	la patrulla
As the subject was aggressive, the patrol arrested her.	Como el sujeto era agresivo, la patrulla lo arrestó.
They assisted the victim of the collapse. He was paralyzed.	Auxiliaron a la víctima del derrumbe. Estaba paralizada.
The operation located a lost person. It was my uncle.	El operativo localizó a una persona perdida. Era mi tío.
to deploy	desplegar
Assistance is requested for the disaster. They have to deploy the patrol.	Se pide auxilio para el siniestro. Tienen que desplegar a la patrulla.
The heroic patrol saved a very famous character. She is an actress.	La patrulla heroica salvó a un personaje muy famoso. Es una actriz.
The patrol arrested a dangerous individual. She is my neighbour.	La patrulla arrestó a un individuo peligroso. Es mi vecina.
If we locate the subject, we have to call the police. She is very aggressive.	Si localizamos al sujeto, tenemos que llamar a la policía. Es muy agresivo.
What a heroic baby! She survived the collapse.	¡Qué bebé tan heroico! Sobrevivió al derrumbe.
As the disaster was terrible, they requested assistance for the victim. He was in serious condition.	Como el siniestro fue terrible, pidieron auxilio para la víctima. Estaba grave.
The operation was deployed by the government to locate the individual. She was lost.	El operativo fue desplegado por el gobierno para localizar al individuo. Estaba perdido.