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Spanish (Spain)

### The sea, the river and the land

Spain has mountains, forests and beaches — and a lot of coast. Three new nouns describe the landscape: **el mar** (the sea), **el río** (the river) and **la tierra** (the land, the soil). A city on the sea usually has **un puerto** (a port).

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### The capital

**La capital** is the capital city. To say *the capital of a country*, use **de**:

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### North, south, east and west

The four points of the compass are masculine nouns and always take **el**:

| Spanish | English |
|---|---|
| **el norte** | the north |
| **el sur** | the south |
| **el este** | the east |
| **el oeste** | the west |

To say where something is, use **estar en el** + the compass point. To name the part of a country, add **de**: *el norte de España*.

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Notice that **en el** never contracts — only **a + el** (al) and **de + el** (del) do:

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Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
the sea	el mar
The sea is very cold today.	El mar está muy frío hoy.
We live in a city by the sea.	Vivimos en una ciudad con mar.
the river	el río
The village has a very pretty river.	El pueblo tiene un río muy bonito.
The river is big and it is clean.	El río es grande y está limpio.
The river goes to the sea.	El río va al mar.
the land / the earth	la tierra
The soil in the garden is dirty.	La tierra del jardín está sucia.
My grandfather has land in the village.	Mi abuelo tiene tierra en el pueblo.
the port	el puerto
I work at the port.	Trabajo en el puerto.
The city's port is very big.	El puerto de la ciudad es muy grande.
We go to the port with our friends.	Vamos al puerto con los amigos.
the capital (city)	la capital
Madrid is the capital of Spain.	Madrid es la capital de España.
What is the capital of France?	¿Cuál es la capital de Francia?
the north	el norte
The north of Spain is very green.	El norte de España es muy verde.
My grandmother lives in the north.	Mi abuela vive en el norte.
the south	el sur
The south is very beautiful.	El sur es muy bonito.
My sister studies in the south.	Mi hermana estudia en el sur.
The sea is in the south and the mountains in the north.	El mar está en el sur y la montaña en el norte.
the east	el este
The city is in the east.	La ciudad está en el este.
the west	el oeste
Do you live in the east or in the west?	¿Vives en el este o en el oeste?
The village is in the west.	El pueblo está en el oeste.

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