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### Fully irregular subjunctive verbs

While most verbs form the present subjunctive by swapping their standard endings, a handful of very common verbs have fully irregular bases that you simply have to memorize.

For **ir** (to go) and **ser** (to be), the present subjunctive bases are **vaya** and **sea**.

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### The subjunctive of dar and haber

The verb **dar** (to give) uses the base **dé**. The written accent on the *yo* and *él/ella/usted* forms distinguishes it from the preposition **de** (of/from). Notice that the *tú* form (**des**) does not need an accent.

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The auxiliary verb **haber** becomes **haya**. You will frequently see this as the subjunctive equivalent of the impersonal **hay** (there is / there are).

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### The subjunctive of estar and saber

For **estar** (to be), the subjunctive base is **esté**. Pay close attention to the spelling: most forms require a written accent mark (like *esté*, *estés*, and *estén*).

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Finally, the verb **saber** (to know) uses the base **sepa**.

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Irregular present subjunctive (sea, vaya, sepa)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the uniform	el uniforme
The rule is that you go in uniform.	La norma es que vayas con el uniforme.
The teacher has already said that no one should go without a uniform.	El profesor ya ha dicho que nadie vaya sin uniforme.
polite	educado
I advise you to be very polite with the client.	Te aconsejo que seas muy educado con la clienta.
advisable	recomendable
It is advisable that the student be polite.	Es recomendable que el estudiante sea educado.
responsible	responsable
It is necessary that the nurse be responsible.	Es necesario que la enfermera sea responsable.
The boss demands that you go to the meeting and be responsible.	El jefe exige que vayas a la reunión y seas responsable.
I suggest that you give the gift to your grandmother.	Te sugiero que le des el regalo a tu abuela.
the respect	el respeto
I doubt that there is much respect in that group.	Dudo que haya mucho respeto en ese grupo.
the detail	el detalle
It is advisable that you give the details to the doctor.	Es recomendable que le des los detalles al doctor.
the punctuality	la puntualidad
It is essential that there be punctuality in the office.	Es esencial que haya puntualidad en la oficina.
It is fundamental that you know that punctuality is important.	Es fundamental que sepas que la puntualidad es importante.
attentive	atento
I want you to be attentive to every detail.	Quiero que estés atento a cada detalle.
I hope the driver is more attentive today.	Espero que la conductora esté más atenta hoy.
It is better that you know the answer.	Es mejor que sepas la respuesta.
the permission	el permiso
The lawyer does not allow you to go without permission.	El abogado no permite que vayas sin permiso.
I demand that the boss give permission to the employee.	Exijo que la jefa le dé permiso a la empleada.
the obligation	la obligación
It is necessary that you know your obligation and that there is respect.	Es necesario que sepas tu obligación y que haya respeto.
I doubt that that is her obligation.	Dudo que esa sea su obligación.
manners, politeness (upbringing)	la educación
Arriving late is bad manners.	Llegar tarde es de mala educación.
Your son has very good manners: he always says hello.	Tu hijo tiene muy buena educación: siempre saluda.

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