The courtroom
Let's learn some essential vocabulary for a trial (el juicio), such as the judge (el juez), the witness (el testigo), and the crime (el delito).
| The judge has opened the trial. | El juez ha abierto el juicio. |
| The crime is very serious. | El delito es muy grave. |
| The witness has testified today in the trial. | El testigo ha declarado hoy en el juicio. |
Irregular past participles ending in "-cho"
In addition to the -to endings you have already learned, two of the most important verbs in Spanish have irregular past participles that end in -cho: hacer (to do / to make) and decir (to say / to tell).
| Verb | Meaning | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| hacer | to do / make | hecho |
| decir | to say / tell | dicho |
You will use these frequently with the verb haber to express what someone has done or has said.
| What has the witness said about the crime? | ¿Qué ha dicho el testigo sobre el delito? |
| Who has done this? We need the proof. | ¿Quién ha hecho esto? Necesitamos la prueba. |
Stating facts and verdicts
In a case (el caso), lawyers rely on proof (la prueba) and witnesses testify (declarar) to help the jury (el jurado) decide if the accused is innocent (inocente) or guilty (culpable).
Here is how to combine your new legal vocabulary with the irregular participles hecho and dicho:
| I have testified that I have not done anything bad. | He declarado que no he hecho nada malo. |
| You have said that you are innocent. | Has dicho que eres inocente. |
| The doctor has told the truth. | La médica ha dicho la verdad. |
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