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### Essential organs and joints

Let's move beyond the basic body parts and learn some specific organs and joints. Remember to use the definite article (like **el** or **la**) when talking about your body, especially when describing aches or medical conditions.

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### Bones, muscles, and skin

When describing physical effort or symptoms, you will often talk about bones and muscles. Pay attention to the gender of nouns like the feminine **la piel** (the skin) so you can match your adjectives correctly, as in **la piel roja** or **la piel seca**.

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### From head to toe

Let's finish with a few more specific features from the top of your head to the bottom of your leg. Keep in mind that words ending in *-ón* like **el pulmón** (the lung) lose their accent mark in the plural: **los pulmones**.

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Inside and Out: More Body Parts

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the heart	el corazón
Exercise is very good for the heart.	El ejercicio es muy bueno para el corazón.
Today the doctor has said that the heart is fine.	Hoy el médico ha dicho que el corazón está bien.
the knee	la rodilla
My knee hurts a lot.	Me duele mucho la rodilla.
Since the knee is bad, today I have not walked.	Como la rodilla está mal, hoy no he caminado.
the shoulder	el hombro
She has a problem in the shoulder.	Ella tiene un problema en el hombro.
What has the surgeon said about the shoulder this week?	¿Qué ha dicho el cirujano sobre el hombro esta semana?
the bone	el hueso
The old dog always looks for a bone.	El perro viejo siempre busca un hueso.
This week the grandfather has made a lot of effort and his bones hurt.	Esta semana el abuelo ha hecho mucho esfuerzo y le duelen los huesos.
the muscle	el músculo
Since you have a tired muscle, you need to rest.	Como tienes el músculo cansado, necesitas descansar.
Today the nurse has said that the muscle is bad.	Hoy el enfermero ha dicho que el músculo está mal.
the skin	la piel
The medicine from the pharmacy cures red skin.	La medicina de la farmacia cura la piel roja.
The girl has dry skin because it is very sunny.	La chica tiene la piel seca porque hay mucho sol.
the brain	el cerebro
The brain needs to rest at night.	El cerebro necesita descansar por la noche.
Since she studies a lot, her brain is tired.	Como ella estudia mucho, su cerebro está cansado.
the lung	el pulmón
Breathing pure air from the forest is good for the lungs.	Respirar aire puro del bosque es bueno para los pulmones.
This week the patient has breathed badly because the lungs are bad.	Esta semana el paciente ha respirado mal porque los pulmones están mal.
the tongue; the language (mother tongue)	la lengua
Today the cat has drunk hot water and his tongue hurts.	Hoy el gato ha bebido agua caliente y le duele la lengua.
Today the doctor has said that the tongue is fine.	Hoy la médica ha dicho que la lengua está bien.
the ankle	el tobillo
Today I have walked through the mountain and my ankle hurts.	Hoy he caminado por la montaña y me duele el tobillo.
Since the ankle is bad, the player cannot run.	Como el tobillo está mal, el jugador no puede correr.
right (not left: the right hand)	derecho
My right knee hurts.	Me duele la rodilla derecha.
I write with my right hand.	Escribo con la mano derecha.
Castilian is a very rich language.	El castellano es una lengua muy rica.
Learning a new language isn't easy.	Aprender una lengua nueva no es fácil.

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