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Spanish (Spain)

### The old town

Most Spanish cities have **un casco antiguo** (also called *casco histórico*): the old quarter, often inside medieval walls, with narrow streets, squares and fountains.

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### Same word, new meaning

| you know | in town |
|---|---|
| **la manzana**: the apple | the block (of buildings) |
| **la fuente**: the source | the fountain |
| **el valor**: the courage | the value |
| **volverse**: to become | to turn around |

A *manzana* is the block between four streets, so you can count distances in *manzanas*:

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In a square, with water, a *fuente* is a fountain:

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Things have *valor* (value); brave people have *valor* (courage). *Objetos de valor* are valuables:

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### Turning around, and familiar faces

With an adjective, **volverse** usually means "to become" (*se volvió loco*). In everyday Spanish in Spain it also often means "to go back", with or without a place: *me vuelvo a casa*, *yo me vuelvo ya*. With *hacia* + someone, *para* + an infinitive, or when you hear or see something behind you, it means "to turn around":

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**Familiar** means both "familiar" and "family" as an adjective: *un restaurante familiar* is a family-run restaurant.

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In the old town (el casco antiguo, la fuente, la manzana)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the old town, the old quarter (of a city)	el casco antiguo
The budget hotel is in the old town.	El hostal está en el casco antiguo.
The streets of the old town are very narrow.	Las calles del casco antiguo son muy estrechas.
Yesterday we strolled through the old town of Toledo.	Ayer paseamos por el casco antiguo de Toledo.
the fountain	la fuente
See you by the fountain in the square.	Nos vemos junto a la fuente de la plaza.
The children drink water from the fountain.	Los niños beben agua de la fuente.
In the middle of the square there is a gorgeous fountain.	En medio de la plaza hay una fuente preciosa.
the (city) block	la manzana
The museum is two blocks from here.	El museo está a dos manzanas de aquí.
Keep going straight ahead for three blocks and turn right.	Sigue todo recto tres manzanas y gira a la derecha.
We live on the same block.	Vivimos en la misma manzana.
the value, the worth	el valor
The buildings of the old town have great historic value.	Los edificios del casco antiguo tienen un gran valor histórico.
The value of flats in the center has gone up this year.	El valor de los pisos del centro ha subido este año.
Don't leave valuables in the car.	No dejes objetos de valor en el coche.
familiar; family (as an adjective: family life)	familiar
This street is familiar to me. Have we been here before?	Esta calle me es familiar. ¿Hemos estado aquí antes?
Yesterday we ate at a family-run restaurant in the old town.	Ayer comimos en un restaurante familiar del casco antiguo.
His face is familiar to me.	Su cara me es familiar.
to turn around	volverse
I heard my name and turned around.	Oí mi nombre y me volví.
She turned around to look at the cathedral.	Se volvió para mirar la catedral.
Turn around: the fountain is behind you.	Vuélvete: la fuente está detrás de ti.

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