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Spanish (Spain)

### One word, two genders, two meanings

A few nouns exist in both genders with different meanings, so the article, and any adjective, tells you which one is meant.

| masculine | feminine |
|---|---|
| **el capital** (money to invest) | **la capital** (capital city) |
| **el orden** (tidiness, sequence) | **la orden** (command) |
| **el cometa** (comet) | **la cometa** (kite) |
| **el parte** (official report) | **la parte** (part) |
| **el cura** (priest) | **la cura** (cure) |

Both meanings of **capital** in one sentence:

{{item:1254566}}

Tidiness, not a command:

{{item:1254571}}

**El parte** is an official report: the weather report, a doctor's report, an accident report.

{{item:1254578}}

### Jobs: the article shows the person

With people, the two genders don't change the meaning; they show whether it is a man or a woman. For a woman judge you will hear both **la jueza** and **la juez**.

Two feminine nouns, two different things:

{{item:1254582}}

**La jueza** is simply a judge who is a woman:

{{item:1254583}}

### Adjectives in **-a** and **-ista**

Adjectives whose basic form ends in **-a**, like **hipócrita** and **cosmopolita**, or in **-ista**, like **optimista**, **pesimista** and **egoísta**, have one form for both genders. Only the plural changes: **cosmopolitas**, **egoístas**.

| masculine | feminine |
|---|---|
| un hombre optimista | una mujer optimista |
| un jefe hipócrita | una jefa hipócrita |

Same ending for her and for him:

{{item:1254568}}

Plural with **-s**:

{{item:1254589}}

### Common mistake

- *un hombre optimisto* → **un hombre optimista**: there is no -o form.

Gender that changes the meaning (el capital, la capital; optimista)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the capital (money, funds)	el capital
We need more capital to open the restaurant.	Necesitamos más capital para abrir el restaurante.
The bank has invested a lot of capital in the capital.	El banco ha invertido mucho capital en la capital.
The priest says there is no cure for boredom.	El cura dice que no hay cura para el aburrimiento.
My mother is optimistic, but my father is pessimistic.	Mi madre es optimista, pero mi padre es pesimista.
The two sisters are quite selfish.	Las dos hermanas son bastante egoístas.
the order (tidiness, sequence)	el orden
I like order: everything in its place.	Me gusta el orden: cada cosa en su sitio.
Put the books in order, please.	Pon los libros en orden, por favor.
the kite	la cometa
My son wants a kite for his birthday.	Mi hijo quiere una cometa para su cumpleaños.
It was windy and the children were flying kites on the beach.	Hacía viento y los niños volaban cometas en la playa.
Last night we saw a comet from the terrace.	Anoche vimos un cometa desde la terraza.
the (official) report (weather, medical, accident)	el parte
According to the weather report, it is going to snow tomorrow.	Según el parte meteorológico, mañana va a nevar.
After the accident, we filled out the report for the insurance.	Después del accidente, rellenamos el parte para el seguro.
The best part of the trip was the end.	La mejor parte del viaje fue el final.
the judge (woman)	la jueza
The judge gave the order to close the bar.	La jueza dio la orden de cerrar el bar.
The judge listened to the accused carefully.	La jueza escuchó al acusado con atención.
hypocritical, two-faced	hipócrita
Don't be a hypocrite: you do it too.	No seas hipócrita: tú también lo haces.
My boss (female) is very hypocritical.	Mi jefa es muy hipócrita.
cosmopolitan	cosmopolita
I live in a very cosmopolitan city.	Vivo en una ciudad muy cosmopolita.
My grandparents are very cosmopolitan: they have lived in six countries.	Mis abuelos son muy cosmopolitas: han vivido en seis países.

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