Adding a point formally: asimismo, así como
In letters, reports and official notices, asimismo (likewise, also) adds a new point, usually at the start of a sentence or after y.
| We would also like to inform you all that the office closes in August. | Asimismo, os informamos de que la oficina cierra en agosto. |
| The company has raised salaries; likewise, it has hired ten people. | La empresa ha subido los sueldos; asimismo, ha contratado a diez personas. |
Así como (as well as) joins two things inside one sentence, like a more formal y.
| We sell books, as well as magazines and newspapers. | Vendemos libros, así como revistas y periódicos. |
In conversation, también and además usually sound more natural.
Pointing back: dicho, el citado
Dicho, dicha, dichos, dichas + noun means the said, the aforementioned. It normally takes no article: dicho piso, dicha abogada.
| The company hired a lawyer. The said lawyer won the trial. | La empresa contrató a una abogada. Dicha abogada ganó el juicio. |
El citado / la citada (from citar) does the same job, with the article.
| According to the above-mentioned report, unemployment has gone up. | Según el citado informe, el paro ha subido. |
Pointing forward: los siguientes, lo siguiente
El siguiente / los siguientes + noun announce a list; lo siguiente (the following) announces what you are about to say, often before a colon.
| The following students have passed: Ana, Luis and Carmen. | Han aprobado los siguientes alumnos: Ana, Luis y Carmen. |
| I ask you all to do the following: don't talk during the exam. | Os pido lo siguiente: no habléis durante el examen. |
| looks back | looks forward |
|---|---|
| dicho informe, el citado informe | el siguiente informe, lo siguiente |
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