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Spanish (Spain)

### Extreme inclusion with "hasta"

You may already know *hasta* as "until", but it is also widely used as an adverb meaning "even". Use it to highlight that something surprising or unexpected is included in a situation. 

Place *hasta* right before the noun, phrase, or verb you want to emphasize.

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### Extreme exclusion with "ni siquiera"

To express extreme exclusion, use *ni siquiera* (not even). This phrase is perfect for emphasizing a shocking lack of effort, or when something expected simply does not happen.

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### Emphasizing apathy and severe conditions

*Hasta* and *ni siquiera* are incredibly useful for complaining about harsh conditions or extreme laziness. Notice how *ni siquiera* often sits right before the verb to highlight a total lack of willpower.

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Extreme inclusion and exclusion (hasta, ni siquiera)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
extreme	extremo
even (inclusion)	hasta
The climate is so extreme that even the animals flee.	El clima es tan extremo que hasta los animales huyen.
the drought	la sequía
It is evident that even the trees are dying because of this extreme drought.	Es evidente que hasta los árboles mueren por esta sequía extrema.
the drop	la gota
I do not care about the drought; I do not even need a drop of water.	A mí me da igual la sequía; ni siquiera necesito una gota de agua.
severe	severo
the hurricane	el huracán
How severe the hurricane is, and not even a drop of rain is falling!	¡Lo severo que es el huracán, y ni siquiera cae una gota de lluvia!
the will (volition, willpower)	la voluntad
Even the doctor lost the will to help.	Hasta la médica perdió la voluntad de ayudar.
They do not even have the will to survive in the forest.	Ni siquiera tienen la voluntad de sobrevivir en el bosque.
Even the father complained about the severe punishment.	Hasta el padre se quejó del castigo severo.
The hurricane scares you, but I do not even care.	A ti te asusta el huracán, pero a mí ni siquiera me importa.
to melt (ice, snow, wax)	derretirse
The heat is so extreme because of the drought that even the plastic is melting.	El calor es tan extremo por la sequía que hasta el plástico se derrite.
The ice melted and the boss did not even notice the water.	El hielo se derritió y la jefa ni siquiera se dio cuenta del agua.
motionless	inmóvil
Even the dog that we found remained motionless out of fear.	Hasta el perro que encontramos se quedó inmóvil por miedo.
the apathy	la apatía
Not even the nurse helped you; he remained motionless because of the apathy.	Ni siquiera el enfermero te ayudó; se quedó inmóvil por la apatía.
the laziness	la pereza
Even the manager is fed up with your laziness and your apathy.	Hasta el gerente está harto de tu pereza y de tu apatía.
The apathy is extreme; they do not even want to work.	La apatía es extrema; ni siquiera quieren trabajar.
Because of his laziness, he does not even want to get up.	Por su pereza, ni siquiera quiere levantarse.