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Spanish (Spain)

### Nature and Ecosystems

When discussing the environment, you will often see terms like **el ecosistema** (the ecosystem) and **la biodiversidad** (biodiversity) in the news.

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### Threats to the Environment

Two common threats to natural habitats are deforestation (**la deforestación**) and extinction (**la extinción**). Note that Spanish nouns ending in *-ción* are almost always feminine.

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### Energy and Emissions

To combat climate issues, there is a push to reduce carbon (**el carbono**) emissions (**las emisiones**).

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A common solution is to shift toward renewable (**renovable**) energy.

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### Protecting the Planet

Scientists and advocates focus heavily on conservation (**la conservación**) and sustainability (**la sostenibilidad**).

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When talking about environmental issues or policies, use the adjective **ambiental**.

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Environmental Issues

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the ecosystem	el ecosistema
the biodiversity	la biodiversidad
The forest is an ecosystem with a lot of biodiversity.	El bosque es un ecosistema con mucha biodiversidad.
the deforestation	la deforestación
For me, deforestation destroys the ecosystem.	Para mí, la deforestación destruye el ecosistema.
There is less and less biodiversity because of deforestation.	Hay cada vez menos biodiversidad por la deforestación.
the extinction	la extinción
Deforestation causes the extinction of many animals.	La deforestación provoca la extinción de muchos animales.
The doctor wants to avoid the animal's extinction.	La médica quiere evitar la extinción del animal.
the emission	la emisión
the carbon	el carbono
We want to reduce carbon emissions.	Queremos reducir las emisiones de carbono.
renewable	renovable
We need more and more renewable energy and less carbon.	Necesitamos cada vez más energía renovable y menos carbono.
The engineer prefers to use renewable energy and reduce emissions.	El ingeniero prefiere usar energía renovable y reducir las emisiones.
the conservation	la conservación
the sustainability	la sostenibilidad
For the scientist, conservation guarantees sustainability.	Para el científico, la conservación garantiza la sostenibilidad.
The conservation of the ecosystem is our priority.	La conservación del ecosistema es nuestra prioridad.
environmental	ambiental
The boss can improve environmental sustainability at the company.	La jefa puede mejorar la sostenibilidad ambiental en la empresa.
Deforestation is a very serious environmental problem.	La deforestación es un problema ambiental muy grave.
solar (of the sun)	solar
Solar energy reduces carbon emissions.	La energía solar reduce las emisiones de carbono.
We want to use more solar energy at home.	Queremos usar más energía solar en casa.
the (crude) oil, petroleum	el petróleo
Petroleum isn't a renewable energy.	El petróleo no es una energía renovable.
Crude oil in the sea destroys the ecosystem.	El petróleo en el mar destruye el ecosistema.
the greenhouse	el invernadero
In the south of Spain there are thousands of greenhouses.	En el sur de España hay miles de invernaderos.
Greenhouses use a lot of water and a lot of plastic.	Los invernaderos usan mucha agua y mucho plástico.
the oil spill	la marea negra
The oil spill has destroyed the ecosystem of the coast.	La marea negra ha destruido el ecosistema de la costa.
After the oil spill, the volunteers cleaned the beaches.	Después de la marea negra, los voluntarios limpiaron las playas.

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