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### Arriving tired: an adjective after the verb

After verbs like **llegar**, **volver**, **salir**, **irse** or **mirar**, an adjective or participle can say how the subject was at that moment. It agrees with the subject, as it would after **estar**: **Ana llegó cansada** = Ana arrived, and she was tired.

Feminine, because of Ana:

{{item:1253685}}

Masculine plural, because of los niños:

{{item:1253686}}

### Describing the object

With verbs like **encontrar**, **dejar** or **ver**, the adjective can describe the object instead, and then it agrees with the object.

| sentence | the adjective describes |
|---|---|
| Ana **llegó** cansad**a**. | the subject, Ana |
| **Encontré** la tienda cerrad**a**. | the object, la tienda |
| **Encontramos** a los niños dormid**os**. | the object, los niños |

The shop was closed when I got there:

{{item:1253690}}

Same pattern with a person as the object:

{{item:1253692}}

### A participle after the noun

A past participle placed straight after a noun works like a short passive relative clause: **el presidente elegido** = *el presidente que ha sido elegido*. It agrees with the noun, and **por** can say who did it.

Plural, like los billetes:

{{item:1253696}}

With **por** for the person who did it:

{{item:1253697}}

### Common mistake

- *Ana llegó cansado* → the adjective agrees with Ana: **Ana llegó cansada**.

Describing the subject or the object (llegó cansada, el presidente elegido)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
Ana got home tired.	Ana llegó cansada a casa.
The children came back dirty from the park.	Los niños volvieron sucios del parque.
My father left angry.	Mi padre se fue enfadado.
She looked at me in surprise.	Ella me miró sorprendida.
We came out of the exam happy.	Salimos contentos del examen.
I found the shop closed.	Encontré la tienda cerrada.
I left the door open.	Dejé la puerta abierta.
We found the children asleep.	Encontramos a los niños dormidos.
I always drink beer very cold.	Siempre bebo la cerveza muy fría.
You look very tired.	Te veo muy cansado.
The president elected by the members will speak tomorrow.	El presidente elegido por los socios hablará mañana.
Tickets bought online cannot be changed.	Los billetes comprados por internet no se pueden cambiar.
We live in a house built by my grandfather.	Vivimos en una casa construida por mi abuelo.
I love the photos taken with this phone.	Me encantan las fotos hechas con este móvil.
It is a novel written by a journalist.	Es una novela escrita por una periodista.
The packages sent yesterday will arrive on Monday.	Los paquetes enviados ayer llegarán el lunes.

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