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Spanish (Spain)

### Good wishes: **feliz**

**Feliz** means *happy*, and it opens most good wishes: **¡Feliz cumpleaños!**, **¡Feliz Navidad!**. In the plural it becomes **felices**.

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### Birthdays: **cumplir años**

To say what age someone is turning, Spanish uses **cumplir** + the number + **años**. Ask with **¿Cuántos años cumples?**. With **ayer** it is the preterite (**cumplí**), with **hoy** the present perfect (**ha cumplido**).

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### **Felicidades** or **enhorabuena**?

| word | when |
|---|---|
| **felicidades** | birthdays and celebrations |
| **enhorabuena** | an achievement: an exam, a new job |

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### Welcome: **bienvenido**

**Bienvenido** is an adjective, so it agrees with the people you welcome:

| | one | several |
|---|---|---|
| man / mixed group | **bienvenido** | **bienvenidos** |
| woman / women | **bienvenida** | **bienvenidas** |

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### Spanish celebrations

**La Navidad** (Christmas) and **la Semana Santa** (Holy Week, the week leading up to Easter Sunday) are the big family holidays of the year. After **en**, both usually drop the article: **en Navidad**, **en Semana Santa**. Every town also has its **tradicional** festivals.

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### The party

First **la invitación**, then **la tarta**, and afterwards you tell everyone about it in the preterite.

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Celebrations (¡feliz cumpleaños!, la Navidad)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Celebrations (¡feliz cumpleaños!, la Navidad)

Good wishes: feliz

Birthdays: cumplir años

Felicidades or enhorabuena?

Welcome: bienvenido

Spanish celebrations

The party

Contributors

word	when
felicidades	birthdays and celebrations
enhorabuena	an achievement: an exam, a new job

	one	several
man / mixed group	bienvenido	bienvenidos
woman / women	bienvenida	bienvenidas