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Spanish (Spain)

### Making and letting

In English, we say we "make" someone do something or "let" them do it. In Spanish, we use the verbs **hacer** (to make) and **dejar** (to let/allow) followed by an infinitive.

When using pronouns (like **me**, **te**, or **nos**) to indicate who is being made or allowed to do the action, place the pronoun directly before the conjugated form of *hacer* or *dejar*.

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You can conjugate *hacer* and *dejar* in any tense, but the second verb always stays in the infinitive.

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### Naming the person

If you want to explicitly name the person or group being made or allowed to do something (instead of just using a pronoun), use the personal **a** before their name or title.

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Causative verbs (hacer / dejar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the association	la asociación
The association makes us work a lot.	La asociación nos hace trabajar mucho.
the board (of directors)	la junta
to let, to allow	dejar
The board of the association already lets the members vote.	La junta de la asociación ya deja votar a los miembros.
Three days ago, the board made me write the report.	Hace tres días, la junta me hizo escribir el informe.
the coordinator	el coordinador
The new coordinator does not let us rest.	El nuevo coordinador no nos deja descansar.
Has the coordinator made you organize the event yet?	¿El coordinador ya te ha hecho organizar el evento?
the treasurer	el tesorero
The treasurer makes us justify all the expenses.	El tesorero nos hace justificar todos los gastos.
the funds	los fondos
The treasurer still hasn't let us use the funds.	La tesorera todavía no nos ha dejado usar los fondos.
The association makes me control the budget.	La asociación me hace controlar el presupuesto.
the assembly	la asamblea
In the assembly, they didn't let us speak.	En la asamblea, no nos dejaron hablar.
The president makes everyone vote today.	El presidente hace votar a todo el mundo hoy.
the management	la gestión
His management makes the project improve.	Su gestión hace mejorar el proyecto.
Good management lets the team work well.	Una buena gestión deja trabajar bien al equipo.
the spokesperson	el portavoz
A month ago, the spokesperson made the press wait.	Hace un mes, la portavoz hizo esperar a la prensa.
The spokesperson still hasn't let me answer.	El portavoz todavía no me ha dejado contestar.
authoritarian	autoritario
An authoritarian boss makes his employees suffer.	Un jefe autoritario hace sufrir a sus empleados.
The authoritarian coordinator never lets us decide.	La coordinadora autoritaria nunca nos deja decidir.
collaborative	colaborativo
A collaborative team lets you share ideas.	Un equipo colaborativo te deja compartir ideas.
This collaborative management makes the work progress.	Esta gestión colaborativa hace avanzar el trabajo.
The boss does not let the coordinator spend the funds.	La jefa no deja al coordinador gastar los fondos.
The treasurer makes the assembly vote.	El tesorero hace votar a la asamblea.