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Spanish (Spain)

### *Ya* (Already)

Use the adverb **ya** (already) to ask if an action has happened or to confirm that it has. It is frequently paired with the present perfect tense.

Place **ya** before the conjugated form of **haber** and before any object pronouns (like **te** or **le**).

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### *Todavía no* (Not yet)

Use the phrase **todavía no** (not yet) when an expected action hasn't happened.

Like **ya**, **todavía no** sits immediately before the conjugated verb and any object pronouns. Remember, never place any words between **haber** and the past participle.

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### Tracking medical progress

By contrasting **ya** and **todavía no**, you can discuss what steps of a treatment are complete and what still needs to be done.

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Already and not yet (ya, todavía no)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
to improve	mejorar
the patient	el paciente
Has this patient improved already?	¿Ya ha mejorado este paciente?
That patient hasn't improved yet.	Ese paciente todavía no ha mejorado.
the operation	la operación
the surgeon	el cirujano
Has the surgeon explained the operation to you already?	¿Ya te ha explicado la operación el cirujano?
Yes, the surgeon has already explained the operation.	Sí, el cirujano ya ha explicado la operación.
But the operation hasn't started yet.	Pero la operación todavía no ha empezado.
the blood	la sangre
Has the doctor analyzed the blood already?	¿La médica ya ha analizado la sangre?
The doctor hasn't analyzed the blood yet.	La médica todavía no ha analizado la sangre.
the treatment	el tratamiento
Has the treatment worked already?	¿Ya ha funcionado el tratamiento?
No, it hasn't worked yet.	No, todavía no ha funcionado.
the wound	la herida
Have you washed the lady's wound already?	¿Ya has lavado la herida de la señora?
No, I haven't washed the wound yet.	No, todavía no he lavado la herida.
the bandage	la venda
Have you changed the boy's bandage already?	¿Ya le has cambiado la venda al niño?
I haven't changed his bandage yet.	Todavía no le he cambiado la venda.
Have you given the patient the medicine already?	¿Ya le has dado la medicina al paciente?
to take (a measurement, e.g. temperature)	tomar
the temperature	la temperatura
Has the nurse taken the boy's temperature already?	¿El enfermero ya le ha tomado la temperatura al niño?
Yes, he has already taken it.	Sí, ya se la ha tomado.
to cure	curar
The temperature has already gone down, but the treatment hasn't cured the patient yet.	La temperatura ya ha bajado, pero el tratamiento todavía no ha curado al paciente.
The doctor has already healed the wound.	La médica ya ha curado la herida.
still, yet	aún
The patient has not improved yet.	El paciente aún no ha mejorado.
The surgeon has not started the operation yet.	El cirujano aún no ha empezado la operación.
I still have a fever.	Aún tengo fiebre.
The wound is still open.	La herida aún está abierta.

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