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Spanish (Spain)

### Adding extra information with "además"

When describing superheroes and their extraordinary abilities, you often need to pile on the details. To add extra information to a sentence in Spanish, use the connector **además**.

It translates to "besides," "furthermore," or "in addition." It frequently follows the word *y* (and) to emphasize that you are adding an extra point to your statement.

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### Escalating with "incluso"

When the information you are adding is surprising, extreme, or unexpected, use **incluso**.

This translates to "even." You can place it at the beginning of a sentence to emphasize the subject itself, or right before the surprising detail you want to highlight.

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### Two kinds of **encima**

**Encima (de)** is the place word: *La lámpara está encima de la mesa*, *ponlo encima*. As a connector, usually after **y**, **encima** stacks one fact on another, *on top of that*, often something annoying: *Perdí la cartera y, **encima**, empezó a llover.* **Además** says the same in a neutral tone; **encima** sounds more colloquial.

Additive connectors (además, incluso)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the superhero	el superhéroe
the superpower	el superpoder
That superhero has a superpower, and besides, he is very intelligent.	Ese superhéroe tiene un superpoder y además es muy inteligente.
the superheroine	la superheroína
The superheroine has several superpowers; she can even read minds.	La superheroína tiene varios superpoderes; incluso puede leer la mente.
the villain	el villano
invincible	invencible
The villain was strong and, besides, invincible.	El villano era fuerte y además invencible.
Even the villain thought that the superheroine was invincible.	Incluso el villano pensaba que la superheroína era invencible.
the mask	la máscara
the identity	la identidad
She wears a mask because, besides, she wants to protect her identity.	Ella lleva una máscara porque, además, quiere proteger su identidad.
Maybe the mask hides her identity.	Quizá la máscara oculte su identidad.
the cape	la capa
The superhero wears a black cape and, besides, a mask.	El superhéroe lleva una capa negra y además una máscara.
Even the superheroine has a red cape.	Incluso la superheroína tiene una capa roja.
invisible	invisible
I love that superpower; besides, you are invisible.	Me encanta ese superpoder; además, eres invisible.
The superhero is invisible; he can even see at night.	El superhéroe es invisible; incluso puede ver por la noche.
to catch	atrapar
The superheroine wants to catch the villain and, besides, protect the city.	La superheroína quiere atrapar al villano y además proteger la ciudad.
Catching the villain is difficult, even dangerous.	Atrapar al villano es difícil, incluso peligroso.
what's more, on top of that	encima
The villain is invincible and, on top of that, he is invisible.	El villano es invencible y encima es invisible.
I lost my mask and, on top of that, my cape tore.	Perdí mi máscara y, encima, se me rompió la capa.
not even	ni siquiera
Not even the superhero can catch the villain.	Ni siquiera el superhéroe puede atrapar al villano.
The superheroine doesn't even need a mask.	La superheroína ni siquiera necesita una máscara.
by the way	por cierto
By the way, who is your favorite superhero?	Por cierto, ¿quién es tu superhéroe favorito?
By the way, I love your new cape.	Por cierto, me encanta tu capa nueva.

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