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Spanish (Spain)

### Facing the Unknown with "Ante"

In Spanish, the preposition **ante** translates to "before" or "in the face of." It is often used in abstract and figurative contexts to describe how someone reacts when confronted with a situation, a daunting obstacle, or a new discovery.

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### Under Pressure with "Bajo"

The preposition **bajo** translates to "under." While you can use it to describe physical depth (like being under the surface), it is heavily used in figurative expressions. 

Use **bajo** to talk about being under pressure, under someone's control, or operating under specific rules and conditions.

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You will often see these two prepositions working together to describe intense or secretive situations:

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### Overcoming Obstacles with "Por muy"

As you delve deeper into the unknown, you might need to say things like "no matter how dark" or "no matter how dangerous." You can express this idea using the preposition **por**.

The formula is **por muy** + adjective + **que** + verb (usually in the subjunctive mood, as the reality of the situation is being challenged or conceded).

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Abstract prepositions (ante, bajo)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
before (in the face of)	ante
the abyss	el abismo
unexplored	inexplorado
the bravery	la valentía
In the face of the unexplored abyss, the boys do not lose their bravery.	Ante el abismo inexplorado, los chicos no pierden la valentía.
under (general or figurative)	bajo
the surface	la superficie
Under the surface, the team works under pressure.	Bajo la superficie, el equipo trabaja bajo presión.
no matter how (concessive, before 'very' + adjective)	por
the depth	la profundidad
to challenge	desafiar
No matter how dark the depth is, we want to challenge the mystery.	Por muy oscura que sea la profundidad, queremos desafiar el misterio.
the discovery	el descubrimiento
In the face of such a discovery, the scientist shows her bravery.	Ante tal descubrimiento, la científica muestra su valentía.
the amazement	el asombro
Bravery in the face of the abyss causes great amazement.	La valentía ante el abismo causa un gran asombro.
underground	subterráneo
The underground labyrinth is unexplored and under my control.	El laberinto subterráneo está inexplorado y bajo mi control.
The mystery of the depth is difficult to challenge under these rules.	El misterio de la profundidad es difícil de desafiar bajo estas normas.
Under what conditions can we explore this abyss?	¿Bajo qué condiciones podemos explorar este abismo?
No matter how dangerous the unexplored river is, we are going to challenge it.	Por muy peligroso que sea el río inexplorado, lo vamos a desafiar.
The director needs bravery in the face of the underground threat.	El director necesita valentía ante la amenaza subterránea.
In the face of the discovery, my companions have kept the secret under oath.	Ante el descubrimiento, mis compañeras han guardado el secreto bajo juramento.
Faced with the discovery, the researcher does not hide her astonishment.	Ante el descubrimiento, la investigadora no oculta su asombro.
The director hides the real problem under the surface.	El director esconde el auténtico problema bajo la superficie.