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In English, we describe physical and emotional states using a subject and an adjective (e.g., "I am cold", "She is sad"). Russian approaches this differently. Instead of describing the person, Russian describes the state itself and points to the person experiencing it using the **Dative case**. 

Think of it as saying "To me, it is cold" or "To her, it is sad."

### Describing the General Environment
To describe these states, we use predicative adverbs, which usually end in **-о** (such as холодно, жарко, or тепло). When you use these adverbs on their own, without a person, they describe the general weather, environment, or atmosphere.

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### Expressing Personal Physical States
To talk about how a specific person is feeling, simply add the experiencer in the Dative case before the adverb. 

Here is a reminder of the personal pronouns in the Dative case:

| Nominative | Dative | Meaning in Impersonal States |
|---|---|---|
| я | **мне** | I am (to me) |
| ты | **тебе** | you are (to you) |
| он / оно | **ему** | he is / it is (to him/it) |
| она | **ей** | she is (to her) |
| мы | **нам** | we are (to us) |
| вы | **вам** | you are (to you, pl/formal) |
| они | **им** | they are (to them) |

Now, let's see how these pronouns pair with adverbs to describe physical sensations:

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### Emotions and Reactions
The exact same structure is used to describe emotional states, like being sad (грустно), bored (скучно), or scared (страшно). 

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Just like pronouns, regular nouns and their modifiers can also be experiencers. Using the Dative endings you learned for indirect objects, you can talk about how a family member or friend is feeling:

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### Adding Action Verbs (Infinitives)
If you want to describe *what* activity is interesting, boring, or cozy to do, simply add an infinitive verb directly after the adverb.

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Impersonal states (мне холодно)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative (это)

Noun gender

Soft-sign nouns (-ь)

Subject pronouns (я, ты, он...)

Yes/no questions (да / нет)

Basic interrogatives (кто / что)

Basic negation (не)

Coordinating conjunctions (и / а)

Possessive pronouns (мой, твой, наш, ваш)

Demonstrative pronouns (этот, эта, это)

Adjective agreement

Which and whose (какой, чей)

First conjugation verbs, singular (-ать)

First conjugation verbs, plural (-ать)

Second conjugation verbs (-ить)

Irregular present tense verbs

Adverbs of manner (как, очень)

Locations in prepositional case (в / на)

Prepositional case modifiers (-ом, -ой)

Topics of speech (о, об)

Direct objects (-у, -ю)

Direct object pronouns (меня, тебя)

Verbs of motion (идти, ехать)

Destination (куда, в, на)

Plural nouns (-ы, -и, -а, -я)

Irregular plural nouns (друзья, дети)

Plural adjectives and pronouns (-ые, -ие)

Numbers 1 to 10 (один, два, три)

Possession with pronouns (у меня есть)

Possession with nouns (-а, -я, -ы, -и)

Genitive of negation (нет)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Quantities with mass nouns (сколько, много, мало)

Animate direct objects

The past tense of to be (был, была, было, были)

Regular past tense verbs

Time sequence expressions (вчера, завтра, раньше, потом)

Verb aspect in the past tense

Dative personal pronouns (мне, тебе, ему)

Expressing likes (нравится, нравятся)

Absence (нет)

Expressing age (год, года, лет)

Indirect objects (-у, -ю, -е)

Modal verbs (хотеть, мочь)

Reason and contrast (поэтому, но)

Double negation (ничего, никогда)

Reflexive verbs (-ся, -сь)

Polite requests and instructions (-ите, -йте)

Days of the week (в + Accusative)

Compound future tense (буду...)

Simple future tense

Accompaniment (с)

Multidirectional verbs of motion (ходить, ездить)

Greetings and goodbyes (здравствуйте, привет)

Thank you and sorry (спасибо, извините)

Countries and languages (русский, английский)

Meeting people (меня зовут, как дела)

Public transport (трамвай, остановка)

Left, right and the compass (слева, справа)

Places in the city (цирк, зоопарк)

Fruit and vegetables (помидор, огурец)

Post and travel (открытка, чемодан)

Family and relatives (внук, родственник)

Jobs and professions (инженер, продавец)

Sport and games (футбол, теннис)

Describing people (умный, сильный)

Health and the body (болен, здоровье)

The months of the year (январь, февраль)

Accusative feminine and inanimate adjectives (-ую, -юю)

Accusative animate masculine adjectives (-ого, -его)

Short-form adjectives (готов, занят)

Personal obligation (должен, должна)

Professions in the instrumental case

Genitive singular adjectives and possessives

Prepositions of absence and purpose (без, для)

Dative singular adjectives and possessives

Impersonal obligation (надо, нужно)

Impersonal permission (можно / нельзя)

Instrumental adjectives and pronouns

Reciprocal verbs (с + Instrumental)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (свой)

Reflexive pronouns (себя)

Specific indefinite pronouns (-то)

Non-specific indefinite pronouns (-нибудь)

Negative pronouns (никто / ничто)

Numbers 11 to 20

Tens to 100

Question	Answer
cold (adverb)	холодно
I am very cold.	Мне очень холодно.
hot (adverb)	жарко
We are cold in winter, and hot in summer.	Зимой нам холодно, а летом жарко.
It is hot today, and the children are swimming in the sea.	Сегодня жарко, и дети плавают в море.
warm (adverb)	тепло
cozy	уютно
It is warm and very cozy in the room.	В комнате тепло и очень уютно.
dark	темно
It is warm at home, but it is dark and cold outside.	Дома тепло, но на улице темно и холодно.
scared / scary	страшно
I am scared because it is dark here.	Мне страшно, потому что здесь темно.
He is scared because the dog is big.	Ему страшно, потому что собака большая.
sad	грустно
Are you sad today?	Тебе сегодня грустно?
She is sad because it is cold.	Ей грустно, потому что холодно.
bored / boring	скучно
We are always bored on Monday.	В понедельник нам всегда скучно.
Are you bored reading this long text?	Вам скучно читать этот длинный текст?
interesting (adverb)	интересно
He is interested in studying the Russian language.	Ему интересно изучать русский язык.
We are interested, and they are bored.	Нам интересно, а им скучно.
painful	больно
My sister is in a lot of pain.	Моей сестре очень больно.
Does it hurt?	Тебе больно?
We are cozy sitting on the sofa.	Нам уютно сидеть на диване.