Vegetables
| word | |
|---|---|
| помидор | tomato |
| огурец | cucumber |
| капуста | cabbage |
| картофель | potato |
| лук | onion |
All of these are овощи — vegetables. Note that картофель and капуста are used as MASS nouns in Russian: you buy капусту, not капусты, however many heads you mean.
Огурец has a fleeting vowel — the е drops out as soon as an ending is added: огурец → огурца, огурцы.
| The cucumber and the tomato are vegetables. | Огурец и помидор — овощи. |
Fruit
Виноград — grapes — is singular in Russian, always. There is no винограды; one grape needs a different word entirely.
| Grapes are a fruit. | Виноград — это фрукт. |
A Word With Two Meanings
Лук is the onion. It is also the bow you shoot arrows with — two entirely unrelated words that happen to be spelled and pronounced the same. Context always makes it clear.
Salad
Салат covers both the dish and the lettuce in it, the same way English salad does.
| Mum is making a salad. | Мама готовит салат. |
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