Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Portuguese (Portugal)

### Left, Right, and the de That Comes With Them

**à direita de** and **à esquerda de** are built from the contraction *a + a* that you met in the time lesson, and they behave like the place prepositions of the previous lesson: the final **de** contracts with whatever article follows.

| | |
|---|---|
| à direita **do** banco | to the right of the bank |
| à esquerda **da** escola | to the left of the school |

Drop the **de** and you get a bare adverb — *é à direita*, *é à esquerda* — which is what you answer when the landmark is already understood.

{{item:955665}}

### Near, and the Portuguese Idiom for It

**ao pé de** literally says *at the foot of*, and it is the everyday European Portuguese way of saying *next to*. It is interchangeable with *ao lado de* in most contexts and you will hear it constantly in Portugal.

**longe** and **atrás** are bare adverbs — no *de* — used when the reference point is obvious.

{{item:955668}}

### Directions of Travel

**para cima** and **para baixo** are *up* and *down* as DIRECTIONS, not positions; they pair with verbs of motion. **sempre em frente** is the standard answer to *where do I go?* — note that Portuguese says *always straight ahead*, and the *sempre* is not optional padding.

{{item:955677}}

### Two Words for the Journey

**seguir** is a regular *-ir* verb: *sigo, segues, segue*. **devagar** is *slowly*, and it is the word you want when you ask someone to repeat themselves more clearly.

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
to the right of	à direita de
The pharmacy is to the right of the bank.	A farmácia está à direita do banco.
The cinema is on the right.	O cinema é à direita.
to the left of	à esquerda de
The museum is to the left of the library.	O museu está à esquerda da biblioteca.
The school is on the left.	A escola é à esquerda.
next to / near	ao pé de
The café is next to the park.	O café está ao pé do parque.
I live next to the school.	Eu moro ao pé da escola.
up / upwards	para cima
I am going up.	Eu vou para cima.
The cat goes up onto the table.	O gato vai para cima da mesa.
down / downwards	para baixo
We are going down.	Nós vamos para baixo.
The train goes down.	O comboio vai para baixo.
straight ahead	sempre em frente
The bus goes straight ahead.	O autocarro vai sempre em frente.
I go straight ahead to the station.	Eu vou sempre em frente para a estação.
far	longe
The beach is far away.	A praia está longe.
The hospital is not far.	O hospital não está longe.
behind	atrás
The garden is behind.	O jardim está atrás.
I am behind and you are in front.	Eu estou atrás e tu estás em frente.
the place / the seat (in a venue)	o lugar
The place is beautiful.	O lugar é bonito.
Lisbon is a big place.	Lisboa é um lugar grande.
to follow / to carry on	seguir
I follow the street.	Eu sigo a rua.
We follow the bus.	Nós seguimos o autocarro.
slowly	devagar
She speaks slowly.	Ela fala devagar.
I eat slowly.	Eu como devagar.

Contributors