Breakdown of Lekarz daje wynik badania młodemu pacjentowi.
młody
young
lekarz
doctor
wynik
result
dawać
to give (imperfective)
Questions & Answers about Lekarz daje wynik badania młodemu pacjentowi.
Why does the adjective młody change to młodemu here?
It is in the Dative case because the young patient is the receiver of the action (the doctor gives the result to him). For masculine and neuter adjectives in the Dative singular, you add the ending -emu.
Why is the noun pacjent written as pacjentowi?
Just like the adjective młodemu, the noun must also be in the Dative case because he is receiving the result. Most masculine nouns in the Dative singular take the ending -owi.
Why is it wynik badania instead of wynik badanie?
Badanie (examination) is in the Genitive case here because it shows a relationship, translating to "the result of the examination". Neuter nouns ending in -e change to -a in the Genitive singular.
Since the doctor is giving the result, shouldn't wynik change its ending as the direct object?
It actually is in the Accusative case because it is the direct object! However, wynik is an inanimate masculine noun. For inanimate masculine nouns, the Accusative form looks exactly the same as the Nominative (dictionary) form.